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Why HIA
An attempt to prevent the manifestations of health impacts that may emanate from a development project. Not Only help avoid unnecessary hardships due to negative health consequences, but also preventing a health effect is certainly less costly than treating it.
Definition of project type and location Retrieval of project experience Health hazard identification Initial Health examination
OUTPUT
Long list of hazards Short list of hazards with potentially significant health risks
Need HIA
No further Action
Scope
Evaluation report
Screening
The purpose of this first step in the HIA process is to screen the potential project for the need to conduct an HIA.
Scoping
To list the potential health impacts that may accrue from a proposed development project. The HIA Assessor should begin by listing the project activities. The project activities are usually classified into 4 phases, namely
site preparation phase, project construction phase, project operational phase project abandonment phase. (If needed)
Community Survey
The survey tool would be a health questionnaire. Assessments that should be included in the health questionnaire are
Respondents background information Household demographic information (age structure) Sanitation facilities (toilet, solid waste disposal and drinking water source) Household members morbidity profile of environment-related diseases
Definitions
Risk -- the probability of injury, disease or death under specific circumstance (EPA) Health a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO) Hazard the agent or means by which an adverse effect can occur in a particular situation
Definitions
Risk perception what people believe poses a risk or hazard Risk assessment quantifying the risk associated with a hazard Risk management evaluating whether real or perceived risks are acceptable, and if not, addressing them
Risk Perspectives
Risk Perspectives
Risk Perspectives
1.Hazard Identification
First indication that a hazard exists. Conventionally thought of as toxicological evidence. Can be more broadly viewed as any initiator
contaminant levels health concerns -- releases -- public outcry
2-A.Dose-Response Assessment
Carcinogens
EPA uses linear model risk decreases with dose but always some risk no matter how small the dose Calculates a potency factor or slope factor (SF) risk per unit dose, e.g. kgday/mg EPA maintains a data base of slope or potency factors
Group A - Human carcinogen. This group is used only when there is sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies to support a causal association between exposure to the agents and cancer. Group B - Probable human carcinogen. This group includes agents for which the weight of evidence of human carcinogenicity based on epidemiologic studies is "limited" and also includes agents for which the weight of evidence of carcinogenicity based on animal studies is "sufficient." The group is divided into two subgroups. Group B1 is reserved for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from epidemiologic studies. Group B2 is used for Agents for which there is "sufficient: evidence from animal studies and for which there is "inadequate evidence" or "no data" from epidemiologic studies. Group C Possible human carcinogen. This group is used for agents with limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals in the absence of human data. Group D - Not classifiables as to human carcinogenicity. This group is generally used for agents with inadequate human and animal evidence of carcinogenicity or for which no data are available. Group E - Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans.This group is used for agents that show no evidence for carcinogenicity in at least two adequate animal tests in different species or in both adequate epidemiologic and animal studies.
sti
f ri
at r
determines probability of an adverse impact to individuals or to a defined population provides the basis for risk communication to stakeholders, determination of risk acceptability, and evaluation of risk management strategies
Non-carcinogens
EPA approach is to calculate a reference dose, RfD Estimates the dose at which no appreciable risk is expected Obtained by dividing the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) by several safety factors
Oral RfDs
Behavioral Solutions
exposure avoidance