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polis meaning city equivalent to a sovereign state It is the basic knowledge & understanding of the state & the principles & ideas which underlie its organization & activities It is primarily concerned with the association of human beings in a body politic or a political community
Political Science
y History ascribes to Aristotle the beginnings of the
formal study of state & government y Political science is a social science considering that it focuses on men as they interact with the government and its various institutions y It deals with the basic knowledge & understanding of the state as well as the principles & ideologies underlying its organization & activities
Political Science
y Fields of political science:
7. Public Policy 1. Political Theory 8. Political Dynamics 2. Public Law 9. Government & Business 10. Legislature 3. Government 11. Geopolitics 4. Comparative Government 5. International Relations 6. Public Administration
Political Science
y Values & Uses of Political Science: y 1. Awareness of the importance & impact of
government on people s lives y 2. Education for citizenship y 3. Development of civic values y 4. Preparation for various careers & professions
Politics
y Politics is the owning & exercising of power, rule,
authority & influence for whatever reasons. y It is the art & science of governance y Power refers to the ability or the right to do something; the ability to exercise authority over others y Authority is the feature of a leader or an institution that compels others to grant it obedience usually because of some ascribed legitimacy
Politics
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a public or private body y Influence refers to the act or process or power of producing an effect without apparent exertion of tangible force or direct exercise of command & often without deliberate effort or intent
Politics
y Images of politics in the Philippines: y Boardroom politics y Bureaucratic politics y Congress politics y Chief executive politics y Courtroom politics y Newborn multi-media y politics
y y y y y
numerous , permanently occupying a definite portion of territory , having a government of their own to which a great body of inhabitants render obedience & enjoying freedom from external control Elements of the State: 1. People 2. Territory 3. Government 4. Sovereignty
Origin of States
y 1. Divine right theory y 2. Necessity or force theory y 3. Paternalistic theory y 4. Rousseau s Social Contract Theory y 5. Hobbes Social Contract Theory y 6. Locke s Social Contract Theory y 7. Instinctive Theory y 8. Economic Theory y 9. Historical or Evolutionary Theory
concept y 2. A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent from external control y 3. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples , a single nation maybe made up of several states
state expresses its will y A state cannot exist without a government y It is possible to have a government without a state
for the welfare of the people y Consequence of absence: without an organized structure of government anarchy & disorder & a general feeling of fear & insecurity will prevail in society
the following purposes: Establishment of domestic order Provision for the common defense of the state Securing for the people the blessings of liberty & justice Promotion of the general welfare Promotion of public morality
Functions of Government
y Three basic functions of government: y 1. Rule making y 2. Rule adjudication y 3. Rule execution y According to Burns the following are the two functions
Forms of Government
y A. As to the number of persons exercising sovereign y y y y y y y
powers: 1. Monarchy a. Absolute b. Limited c. Constitutional 2. Aristocracy :exercised by a few privileged class 3. Democracy: exercised by a majority of the people a. Direct b. Indirect
Forms of Government
Democracy seeks to promote the following values: 1. Personal liberty 2. Respect for the individual 3. Equality of opportunity 4. Popular Consent To be successful, democracy needs a well defined process most important of which are: y 1. Free & fair elections 3. Majority rule y 2. Freedom of expression 4. freedom to assemble & y protest
y y y y y y
Forms of Government
y B. As to the extent of powers exercised by the central or y y y y y
national powers: 1. Unitary government: control of national & local affairs exercised by the national or central government 2. Federal : powers of government divided: one for national, the other for local affairs As to relationship between the executive & legislative branches of government: 1. Presidential 2. Parliamentary
Forms of Government
y 1. Presidential Form: y a. Powers of government distributed among the three
branches: executive, legislative & judicial y b. The chief Executive is who is the Head of the state as well as members of the legislature elected by the people y c. The Chief Executive could be remived through impeachment even before the expiration of his term y d. The Chief Executive cannot dissolve the legislature at any point in time
Forms of Government
2. Parliamentary Form: a. There is fusion between the Executive & legislative branches b. Members of the legislature are elected by the people c. The Chief Executive is elected by members of legislature from the majority party y d. The Chief Executive stays in power as long as he enjoys the support of the legislature & can be removed by members if they lose their confidence on him y e. The Chief Executive can dissolve the legislature
y y y y y
Forms of Government
y Governments based on legality or legitimacy: y 1. De Jure government y 2. De Facto government y Governments based on the prevalent political system y y y y
& ideology: 1. Liberal democracy: a. Established democracy b. Transitional democracy c. Facade democracy
Forms of Government
y 2. Authoritarianism is a political system that rests y y y y y
more on the obedience of the citizens than upon their consent: 1. Communist state 2. One-Party system 3. Military state 4. Dynastic or court regime 5. Theocratic State
Philippines directly governed by the King of Spain through Mexico y 1821 to 1898 directly ruled by Spain y Council of the Indies responsible for the administration, then the Council of Ministers & the Ministry of Ultramar
Tydings=Mcduffie Law on March 24,1934 Transition period of ten years prior to granting of independence Inaugurated November 15, 1935 with Manuel L. Quezon & Sergio Osmena as Vice President It was republican in form,under the presidential type Legislative power vested initially in a unicameral legislature: the National Assembly later a bicameral congress. Filipinos had complete control, the Americans on foreign affairs
V. Governments during the Japanese Occupation: y Japanese military administration established in Manila January 3, 1942 y Philippine Executive Commission the civil government headed by Jorge Vargas composed of Filipinos It exercised both executive & legislative powers y The Japanese sponsored Republic; October 14,1943 with Jose P. Laurel as President
Concept of Constitution
y It refers to the body of rules & principles in accordance
with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised y Constitution of the Philippines is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe & useful exercise for the benefit of the people.
of government y Constitutional Law Branch of public law which treats of constitutions, their nature, formation, amendment & interpretation
government y 2. Regulation of the rights & freedoms enjoyed by the individual y 3. Protection of the people from government abuses
Kinds of Constitution
y 1. As to origin & history: y a. Conventional or enacted y b. Cumulative or evolved y 2. As to their form: y a. Written y b. Unwritten y 3. As to manner of amending them: y a. Rigid or inclusive y b. Flexible or elastic
from the people s representatives y 2. a constitution states the general framework of the law, a statute provides the details of the subject it treats y 3. a constitution is intended to govern the future, a statute to meet existing conditions y 4. a constitution is the supreme or fundamental law to which all statutes must conform
second four-year term y 3. Creation of the Commission on elections y 4. Parity amendments y 5. Right of suffrage granted to women
March 25,1986, the 1987Constitution was drafted by the Constitutional Commission (CONCOM ) composed of 50 Filipino citizens of recognized probity known for their independence, nationalism & patriotism y It convened June 02, 1986 at the Batasang Pambansa, Quezon city
y
drafting the 1987 Constitution: 1. Malolos Constitution of 1898 2. 1935 Constitution 3. 1973 Constitution The CONCOM approved the draft on October 12, 1986 & was submitted to the President for approval. The constitution was ratified by the people on February 02, 1986
Filipino y anti-dictatorship