Presented By RAJESH JHA BIOTECH(IVBIOTECH(IV-YEAR)

What is biodiesel ?
It is a renewable fuel,composed of fatty acid Methyl(or ethyl )esters, produced by a transesterification reaction between vegetable oil or animal fats and methanol (or ethanol)

 Renewable source produced from vegetable seed  Employment generation for plantation, seed collection, oil extraction and transesterification  Non-toxic and bio degradable Non Lower greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum diesel.  Lower exhaust emissions from engines

 When using Biodiesel in a diesel engine, the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other harmful substances are greatly reduced, meaning Biodiesel eliminates the noxious black smoke and fumes associated with normal diesel engines. And of course Biodiesel is produced from largely renewable, sustainable resources which mean significantly less 'green'green-house' gas emissions are involved in production. It has been proven that up 90% friendlier than petro diesel.

 Rapeseed (Europe)

 Sunflower oil (Italy and Southern France)  Soybean oil (USA & Brazil)  Palm oil (Malaysia)  Linseed, olive oils (Spain)  Cottonseed oil (Greece)

 Jatropha curcas is resistant to drought and can be planted even in the desert climates, and it thrives on any type of soil, grows almost anywhere; in sandy, and saline soils.  Jatropha needs minimal input or management.  Jatropha is not browsed by cattle or sheep.  Jatropha Curcas can survive long periods of drought.  Jatropha Propagation is easy.  Jatropha Curcas starts yielding from the second year onwards and continues for 40 years.

 LEAVES : large green to pale green  FLOWERS : female flowers usually larger than males

FRUITS : produced in winter

SEEDS : become mature when capsule changes from green to yellow

 Grow in wasteland, sandy and saline soil  Complete germination achieved within 9 days  Usually multiply by cuttings  Drought resistance  Life expectancy of 40-50 yrs 40 Yield obtained only after 2-3 years of time 2 Seed production is around 3.5 tons/hectare  Produces seeds with an oil content of 37%.

 Nursery raising time: Feb-Mar , Sep-Oct FebSep Transplanting of saplings: Feb-Apr Feb Direct seedling sowing: after good rainfall  Manuring time: on transplantation and after one year  Flowering time: May-Sep May Fruiting time: July-Nov July Harvesting time: Aug-Dec Aug-

 8kgs Jatropha Seeds is Required to Plant 1 Hectare of Land  1 Hectare Harvest of Jatropha = 7-8 Tonnes 7 7-8 Tonnes of seeds = 2.5 2.8 Tonnes of Oil Per Hectare  2200 trees = 1Hectare  Annual Harvest of 1 tree = 3.5kgs of Jatropha Seeds; 33% -37% of Jatropha Oil content.

Step.1-EXTRACTION OF CRUDE OIL Step.1Firstly crude oil is extracted from jatropha seeds by using expeller and in case of laboratory scale soxhlet method is used. According to the soxhlet procedure, oil and fat from solid material are extracted by repeated washing with an organic solvent, usually hexane or petroleum ether, in a special glassware .

Step.2 -PURIFICATION: PURIFICATION:

The crude oil may be stirred with a drying agent such as magnesium sulphate to remove water in the form of water of Crystallization . The drying agent can be separated by decanting or by filtration.

Step.3Step.3- Neutralization of free fatty acids:

A sample of the cleaned oil is titrated against a standard solution of base in order to determine the concentration of free fatty acids (RCOOH)present in the oil sample . The quantity of base required to neutralize the acid is then calculated.

Step.4 - TRANSESTERIFICATION: TRANSESTERIFICATION:

 The calculated amount of base (usually sodium hydroxide) is added slowly to the alcohol & it is stirred until it dissolves.  The solution of sodium hydroxide in the alcohol is then added to a warm solution of the oil sample ,& the mixture is heated (typically 50 degree) for several hours(typically 4to8) to allow the transesterification to proceed.

An example of the transesterification reaction

Step.5Step.5- Final process: process:

The lower layer of the sample is composed Primarily of glycerin & other waste products . The top layer , a mixture of biodiesel & alcohol,is decanted. The excess alcohol can be distilled off or it can extracted with water.

PARTICULAR
Specific Gravity Flash Point Carbon Residue Calorific Value Cetane Value

JATROPH A OIL
0.9186 1100C 0.064% 9.470 K Cal/Kg. 51.0

DIESEL
0.82-0.84 0.82500C <0.12% 10.170Kcal/ Kg 50.0

Uses of Jatropha Curcus (Ratanjyot)

1. Non-edible vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas has the requisite potential of providing a promising and commercially viable alternative to diesel oil since it has desirable physicochemical and performance characteristics comparable to diesel. Cars could be run with Jatropha curcas without requiring much change in design. 2. The oil is used as an illuminant without being refined and it burns with clear smoke-free flame. 3. Oil has a very high saponification value and is being extensively used for making soap in some countries. 4. The latex of Jatropha contains an alkaloid known as "jatrophine" which is believed to have anti-cancerous properties.

5. It is also used as an external application for skin diseases and rheumatism and for sores on domestic livestock. In additon,the juice of the leaf is used as an external application for piles. Finally, the roots are reported to be used as an antidote for snake-bites. 6. The bark of Jatropha curcas yields a dark blue dye which is used for colouring cloth, fishing nets. 7. Jatropha oil cake is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and can be used as organic manure.

Bio Diesel is the most valuable form of renewable energy that can be used directly in any existing, unmodified diesel engine. .

Bio Diesel is environmental friendly and ideal for heavily polluted cities. Bio Diesel is as biodegradable as salt. Bio Diesel produces 80% less carbon dioxide and 100% less sulfur dioxide emissions.

Bio Diesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with mineral oil diesel fuel. The preferred ratio if mixture ranges between 5 and 20% (B5 B20)

Bio Diesel extends the live of diesel engines Bio Diesel is cheaper then mineral oil diesel Bio Diesel is conserving natural resources

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

In India about 33 million hectares of wasteland is available and can effectively be used for cultivation of jatropha plants
 Assuming seed yield of 4 MT / Ha, farmers can earn Rs. 20000 per Ha per year from waste lands with min. support price of Rs. 5 per kg of seeds.  Jatropha biodiesel is ideal solution to meet out

higher diesel demand and oil imports.

 By mixing of 20 per cent biodiesel with diesel will help India to save 7.3x106 tonnes of diesel per year.

SPECIAL THANKS TO:

Dr.Seema Rathour ( Training controller) Er.Kamna Dubey (Programme coordinator) Mr. Neeraj Mishra (HOD of Biotechnology) Mr Gopal Tiwari (Class teacher) Ms Suchi Jaiswal (My Project guide)