CHEM 111: Inleidende Anorganiese en Fisiese Chemie

LEERAFDELING A
BOUSTENE VAN CHEMIE
Four Study Units
Study Unit 1: Inleiding: Materie en meting - 0 lectures (self study) Study Unit 2: Atome en elemente - 3 lectures Study Unit 3: Molekules, ione en verbindings - 5 lectures Study Unit 4: Chemiese vergelykings en Sto giometrie 8 lectures
Kotz, Treichel & Townsend, gedeeltes van hoofstukke. 1, 2, 3 en 4 Studiegids bl. 1 - 43, Leereenhede 1, 2, 3 & 4

LEEREENHEID 4
CHEMIESE VERGELYKINGS EN STO GIOMETRIE

KT & T, bl. 112 121 en 158 - 174 Studiegids, Leergedeeltes 4.1 4.8, bl. 31 - 46

OUTCOMES for Study Unit 4.1

Balansering en interpretasie van chemiese vergelykings
Study guide p. 33 - 34. KT&T, pp. 113 - 121.

UITKOMSTE
Na voltooiing van hierdie leergedeelte behoort jy: te weet wat n gebalanseerde chemiese vergelyking is. die inligting te interpreteer wat chemiese reaksie weergegee word. deur 'n gebalanseerde

'n eenvoudige chemiese vergelyking te balanseer.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Reactants: Zn + I2

Product: Zn I2

Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and

products and their relative amounts

in a reaction.
Molverhouding tussen reaktante en produkt(e)

Stoichiometric coefficients

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)

2 Al2O3(s)

Physical states of reagents and products

Reaction of hosphorus with Cl2

Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the physical states of the reactants and products.

Reaction of Iron with Cl2

Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the physical states of the reactants and products.

Doen in klas CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2 Al(s) + 3 r2(l) Al2 r6(s)
a. Name the reactants and products and give their physical states. b. What are the stoichiometric coefficients in this equation? c. If you were to use 8000 atoms of Al, how many molecules of Br2 are required to consume the Al completely?

Answers a. Reactants = Al and Br2 , Product = Al2Br6 Physical states = Al (solid), Br2 (liquid), Al2Br6 (solid) b. Al = 2, Br2 = 3 and Al2Br6 = 1 c. 12 000 molecules of Br2

Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) THIS EQUATION
MEANS:
2 molecules of Al2O3

2 Al2O3(s)

4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules --give --give

IT ALSO

MEANS:
2 moles of Al2O3

4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 --give --give

Chemical Equations
Because the same atoms are present in a reaction at the beginning and at the end, the amount of matter in a system does not change. The Law of the Conservation of Matter

2HgO(s) ---> 2 Hg(liq) + O2(g) ---> Hg(liq)

Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the conservation of matter, an equation

must be balanced. balanced.

It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788

Balancin Equations via inspection

3 2 ___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(liq) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s) liq) --->

Balancin Equations via inspection

1 5 ___C3H8(g) + ___ O2(g)

4 3 ___CO2(g) + ___ H2O(g)

Doen in klas
Balanseer die vol ende ver el kin s

4 C r (s) +

3 O 2 (g)

2 C r 2 O 3 (s)

AlCl3 (s) + 3 Na H (aq)

Al( H)3 (s) + 3 NaCl (aq)

Doen in klas
Write a balanced chemical equation for the production of ammonia, NH3 ( ), from N2 ( ) and H2 ( )

N2(g) +

H2(g)

NH3(g)

Balanseer nou vergelyking

N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

2 NH3(g)

Doen in klas
Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of liquid tetraeth llead, b(C2H5)4 . The products of combustion are bO(s), H2O( ) and CO2( ).

Pb(C2H5)4 + 2 Pb(C2H5)4 + 27

Pb (s) +

H2 (g) +

2(g)

2 Pb (s) + 20 H2 (g) +16 C

2(g)

OUTCOMES for Study Unit 4.2

Sto iometrie
Study guide p. 35 - 36. KT&T, pp. 158 - 162.

UITKOMSTE
Na voltooiing van hierdie leergedeelte behoort jy: Stogiometriese berekenings te kan uitvoer op reaksievergelyking. 'n gebalanseerde

What is meant by the word Stoichiometry

Die verwantskap tussen die hoeveelheid reagense en produkte

Stoigiometriese koeffisiente: koeffisiente in n gebalanseerde vergelyking 4Al(s) + 3O2 2Al2O3(s)

You should always master the following technique to calculate what is required from a given reaction equation

Stap 1: Balanseer reaksievergelyking reaksievergelyking Stap 2: Identifiseer wat gegee en gevra is Stap 3: Stel eweredigheid op met onbekende (molverhouding) molverhouding) Stap 4: Voer berekening uit

VOORBEELD

(a) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2,68 g (b) 3,819 g Fe2O3 (c) 1,150 g O2

2Fe2O3(s)

Doen in Klas Consider the following unbalanced equation. BaCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

1. Write the balanced equation 2. What mass of AgNO3, in grams, is required for complete reaction with 0,156 g of BaCl2? 3. What mass of AgCl in grams, is produced? (a) BaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) (b) 0,255 g AgNO3 (c) 0,215 g AgCl 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

Doen in klas
Methane, CH4, burns in oxygen. a) What are the products of the reaction? b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction. c) What mass of O2, in grams, is required for complete combustion of 25,5 g of methane? d) What is the total mass of products expected from the combustion of 25,5 g of methane? (a) CO2(g) & H2O(l ) O(l (b) CH4(g) + 2O2 (c) 101.725 g O2 (d) 127.244 g CO2(g) + 2H2O(l ) 2H O(l

OUTCOMES for Study Unit 4.3

Beperkende Rea ense
Study guide p. 37. KT&T, pp. 163 - 167.

UITKOMSTE
Na voltooiing van hierdie leergedeelte behoort jy: die beperkende reagens uit twee reagense te kan bereken.

In chemiese reaksies is die doel om die maksimum opbrengs verkry. van n bruikbare produk te verkry.

Om dit te verseker: verseker: word die reagens wat nie so duur is nie in oormaat in die reaksie gebruik, gebruik, om te verseker dat die duur (beperkende) reagens volledig beperkende) omgesit word na die produk. produk.

Reactions Involving a LIMITING REACTANT

VOORBEELD

Reactants

Products
2

2N (g) +

(g)
N (g)
2

2N

2(g)

Limiting reactant = Excess reactant =

(g)

Voorbeeld

The compound SF6 is made by burning sulfur in an atmosphere of fluorine. The balanced equation is fluorine. S8(s) + 24 F2(g) 8 SF6(g)

If you begin with 1,6 mol of sulfur, S8, and 35 mol of F2 which is the limiting reagent?

F2 is beperkend

Doen in Klas TiCl4 is n belangrike industrile chemiese stof wat berei kan word vanaf onsuiwer TiO2 tydens reaksie met koolstof en chloorgas. In 'n bereiding is met gelyke hoeveelhede chloorgas en koolstof (125 g elk) en n oormaat TiO2 begin.

Ti

2(s)

+ 2Cl2(g) + C(s) p TiCl4(P) + C

2(g)

Identifiseer die beperkende uitgangstof/reagens. Wat is die massa TiCl4 wat gevorm word? Cl2 beperkend 167,017 g TiCl4

Doen in klas

(a) Cl2 (b) 5,078 g (c) 1,672 g

OUTCOMES for Study Unit 4.4

Persentasie-opbren s (Percenta e ield)
Study guide p. 38. KT&T, pp. 168 - 169.

UITKOMSTE
Na voltooiing van hierdie leergedeelte behoort jy: persentasie-opbrengs te kan bereken.

16 pop 20 pitte % Opbrengs = (16/20) x 100% = 80%

Soortgelyk vir n chemiese reaksie

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) Mol (teor): g (teor): 1 65.39 ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1 136.29

Gestel werklike opbrengs ZnCl2 is 120g (0.88 mol) % Opbrengs: (0.88 mol/1 mol) x 100% = 88%

OF: (120g/136g) x 100% = 88%

You should be able to explain the difference between: between: exact yield / werklike opbrengs theoretical yield / teoretiese opbrengs percent yield / persentasie opbrengs

Calculate: Calculate: percent yield / persentasie opbrengs

Teoretiese vs Werklike Opbrengs Opbrengs

Die teoretiese opbrengs is die hoeveelheid produk wat uit 'n chemiese reaksie verkry behoort te word. Tydens 'n chemiese reaksie kan 'n gedeelte van die produk(te) verlore gaan as gevolg van produk(te) praktiese probleme. The real yield / werklike opbrengs is therefore opbrengs yield. not equal to the theoretical yield

Persentasie Opbrengs
Om die doeltreffendheid van 'n chemiese reaksie te bepaal To calculate the effectiveness of a chemical reaction
Persentasie opbrengs = Werklike opbrengs X 100% Teoretiese opbrengs
Implikasies vir Industrie: Produksie Koste

Doen in Klas Metanol kan ontbind word om waterstofgas te lewer wat as brandstof gebruik kan word. CH3OH(P) p 2H2(g) + CO(g) (a) Indien 125 g metanol ontbind word, wat is die teoretiese opbrengs van waterstof? 13. If only 13.6 g hydrogen is obtained, what is the percentage percentage yield of the gas? (a) 15.762 g (b) 86.283 %

(b)

Doen in Klas

2 CH3SH + CO (a) (b)

CH3COSCH3 + H2S

If you begin with 10,0 g of CH3SH, and excess CO, What is the theoretical yield of CH3COSCH3? If 8,65 g of CH3COSCH3 is isolated, what is its percent yield?

(a) 9,364 g (b) 92,375 %

Doen in klas If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, theoretically 204 g of H2O should be formed. Determine the theoretical yield of N2O. Calculate the percent yield of N2O if 131 g is the actual yield. yield.

52,5

OUTCOMES for Study Unit 4.5

Ver el kin en Chemiese Analise
Study guide p. 39. KT&T, pp. 169 - 174.

UITKOMSTE
Na voltooiing van hierdie leergedeelte behoort jy: n mengsel van verbindings te analiseer. analiseer. deur verbranding van die verbinding, die formule van die verbinding verbinding, te bepaal. bepaal.

Berekeningstegniek No 1

Gebruik stoigiometrie om n mengsel van verbindings te analiseer.

Stoigiometrie word deur chemici gebruik om die bepaal. suiwerheid van verbindings te bepaal. Bv. Bv. die analise van steenkool om die swawelinhoud te bepaal, is n aksie wat daagliks by fabrieke uitgevoer word wat brandstof uit steenkool vervaardig. vervaardig.

SASOL
By Sasol word steenkool verbrand. verbrand. Swawel kom as onsuiwerheid voor. voor. Tydens die verbranding word die swawel geoksideer en in die atmosfeer vrygestel as SO2. In die atmosfeer reageer dit met vog en vorm swawelsuur (H2SO4) . SO2 + O2 + H2O H2SO4

Suurren / acid rain omgewingsprobleem

Analiese prosedure om swawelinhoud in steenkool te bepaal:

Swawel in steenkool word gereduseer na H2S: S(steenkool) + reduksiereagens H 2S

Bv.

Die analise van 1,00 g steenkool wat swawel bevat lewer 0,0130 g H2S.

Vraag: Bereken die % S in die monster steenkool

1,223% S

Doen in Klas

91,94 % CuSO4.5H2O

Doen in Klas

A 2,634 g sample containing CuCl2.2H2O and other materials was heated. The sample mass after heating, to drive off the heated. water attached to CuCl2, was 2,125 g. What was the mass persent of CuCl2.2H2O in the original sample?

91,154 %

Berekeningstegniek No 2

Gebruik stoigiometrie om die formule van n verbinding te bepaal deur verbranding van die verbinding. Use stoichiometry to determine the formula of a compound through combustion of the compound. compound.

Determining the Formula of a Hydrocarbon by Combustion

Koolwaterstof verbrand in suurstof: CxHy + O2(g) H2O(g) + CO2(g)

p 162 & 163