By Marivir Ann B.

Gonzales

Heredity and Maturation

The process by which an individual develops from a singlecelled organism into an adult human being is guided by genetic controls and follows a definite pattern. Human development


During conception, the male and female germ cells (sperm from the father and the egg from the mother), technically known as Gametes, Gametes unite to form a single cell called the Zygote Zygote. Every cell in the body contains a set of biological blueprints that enables it to perform its essential functions.

where biological blueprints are found a strandlike structure found in nuclei of all cells

made up of several simpler components arranged in the form of a double helix

segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity Determines many aspects of our biological make-up through complex combinations

-Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, existing in pairs. -When such cells divide, the chromosomes pairs split, and after the cells have separated, each chromosomes replicates itself so that the full number is restored *Mitosis happens on body cells

* In contrast, the Sperm and Ova the male and Ova, female sex cell / gametes contain only 23 chromosomes

S erm (23 chromosomes)

O a (23 chromosomes)

Fertilized o um (46 chromosomes)

Since the fertilized egg receives exactly half of its chromosomes from the father and exactly half from the mother, the child does not inherit more characteristics from the parent of his own sex.

The characteristic of sex itself is determined by the male gametes alone. Females only have X-chromosomes, which is the sex determining chromosomes chromosome, a mature male reproductive cell may contain either an X-chromosome or Y-chromosome. If male reproductive cell is:
a. X-chromosome, the child is a girl (XX) b. Y-chromosome, the child is a boy (XY)

Development
 Systematic and orderly change organisms experience as they live

and either lose or gain abilities  Refers to the quality of behavior

Maturation
 Refers to the state of body and its readiness for behavior

Heredity
 

Transmission of traits from parents to offspring Controls the level of efficiency

Genes
     
o

Submicroscopic particles in chromosomes Unit carriers of heredity Their chemical influence is exerted most directly upon the jellylike substance called Cytoplasm, which surrounds the nucleus. Cytoplasm, Genes and some environmental conditions influence cells to become Neurons, Muscle fiber or bone structure, and so on. Determines the sex of a fertilized egg Dominant and Recessive Genes
Dominant gene whose characteristic will be dominant when paired with another gene Recessive gene whose characteristic will not be produced when paired with a dominant gene

Mutation changes in the genes passed down from heredity SexSex-linked traits produced by genes responsible for determining sex
 Baldness  Color blindness  Hemophilia

Physical traits
    

Height General body contour Weight Facial appearance Texture and distribution of hair

Instinctive behavior an inherited pattern of activity that appears totally at the first appropriate opportunity and is initiated by a stimulus

Prenatal Development
 Monozygotic (Identical Twins) splitting of one

zygote into two separate cells which develop into two individual organisms. (Same heredity)
 Dizygotic (Fraternal Twins) develop from two

separate zygotes, each produced by the union of a separate sperm cell with a separate egg cell. (Different heredity)

Environment
Environment
 includes all the conditions in the world that influence

behavior, growth, development or life process

  

External (air, trees, houses) Internal (lymph fluids, blood) Social (includes the other human beings who in any way influence us)

 Human traits and characteristics are determined

through the interaction of heredity and environment.

The relationship between heredity and environment in producing the level of an individuals biological, psychological and social development at any given time can be expressed by the formula:

Heredity

Environment

Development Level

Time

Heredity determines how high a level of development a given environment can bring about in a given period of time Environment determines how effective a certain heredity can be in influencing development over a period of time

Maturation the result of bodily changes determined by heredity acting over a period of time Functions of environment in determining an individuals developmental behavior are:
a. The environment supplies the stimuli set off patterns

of response already prepared by maturation b. The environment provides situations which are conducive to the persons learning new patterns or altering old ones.

Types of Genetic Disorders and Diagnostic Tools Used in Detecting Fetal Problems
1. Diagnostic tool: Amniocentesis may be done from the 15th week of pregnancy onwards. It entails inserting a needle through the mothers abdomen, piercing the amniotic sac and withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid.
Amniocentesis is a technique used to detect genetic defects by the presence of certain chemicals or abnormal cells in the fluid surrounding a fetus.
It could cause the mother to miscarry the fetus.

Fetus Amniotic fluid withdrawn Amniotic fluid

Genetic Disorders Detected: a) Spina Bifida failure of the spinal column to enclose properly; this is caused by the interaction of several genes. This can cause mental retardation retardation.

b) Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from the bodys PKU)

failure to break the amino acid phenylalanine, which then accumulates and affects the nervous system and causes mental retardation retardation.  To prevent PKU the infant is placed on a special diet.

2. Diagnostic tool: Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce an image that enables a physician to detect structural abnormalities. A doctor can estimate fetal age and sex as well the presence of twins.

Maturational Process
Maturation follows an orderly sequence; proceeds along physiological gradients
 Cephalocaudal Sequence from the head region

towards the feet  Proximodistal Sequence from the trunk to the extremities

There are noticeable differences in the rate, pattern and extent of individual development, although a general sequence is followed.

As maturation progresses

there is gradual narrowing and refinement of behavior

After behavior has reached a certain stage of differentiation and refinement, the tendency to integrate small and unitary responses into larger and more useful patterns of behavior follows. Ability or readiness for learning is determined by maturation.

In Vitro Fertilization
initiated by obstetrician Patrick Steptoe and reproductive physiologist Robert Edwards who Edwards, were responsible for the birth of the first test tube baby, Louise Brown in 1978. Brown, In Vitro Fertilization Process is the mating of egg and sperm in a laboratory dish.

Check if the ova are ripe

The ova are carefully washed, placed in a petri dish, containing a solution of nutrients, and then deposited in an incubator for 4 to 8 hours.

The surgeon inserts a Laparoscope into the pelvic area of the female through a small abdominal incision

The sperm from the male is placed in the solution where the eggs are.

Through the long, hollow incision, the eggs and surrounding fluid are gently suctioned.

If everything goes well, the embryo is placed in the womans uterus. The results will be known within 2 weeks. If the embryo fails to attach itself, menstruation occurs, then it is a failure. If the embryo implants itself on the uterine wall, menstruation does not occur, and pregnancy is achieved.

nce extracted, the follicular fluid is examined if it contains an egg (1/1000 of an inch)