A Word About Machines ..

Machines:
have an unique purpose augment or replace human or animal effort accomplish physical tasks involve transformation of various forms of energy into mechanical energy  have input, output, transforming and a transmitting devices    

HIERARCHY OF MACHINES
Develop forces and motions to accomplish specific tasks Motors, rotors et cetera.

Micro-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS) fabricated silicon rotary elements for micro-motors, micro-generators and microturbomachinery....et cetera.

Are able to apply forces and manipulate objects in the nano-scale world. Are able to assemble and fabricate other machines or products. Multiple degrees of freedom. Perform maintenance, repair and inspection operations. Ultimate example CELL.

 Nano-machines designed (and inspired) by harnessing properties of biological materials (peptides, DNAs), their designs and functionalities. Inspired not only by the Nature but macromachines too. Developed from bio-molecular nanocomponents and devices like DNA, proteins.

Bio-molecular machines
Machine components are those biological elements whose function at the cellular level:
o creates motion o creates force o creates a signal o stores information

Proteins and DNA

Motors, Mechanical joints, Transmission elements, or Sensors .et cetera.

Advantages of Bio and Nano Machines

Operate at high efficiency Some could be self-replicating Uninterrupted production depending upon the need Cheaper in mass usage Readily available in nature Provision of recycling Several desirable properties and functionalities are exhibited by the natural materials, like:
    

Self Replication, Self-healing, Adaptability, Life, Intelligence.

Artificial Bionanomachine
Bio-molecular components perform their preprogrammed biological function in response to the specific physiochemical stimuli but in an artificial setting. Some examples of Bionanorobots are:
 DNA Walker  Nano-organism

Natural Nanomachines
Cytoskeleton ATPase VPL Kinesin Myosin Dynein Ion pumps DNA Helicase RNA Polymerase ..

Motor proteins : tiny vehicles that transport molecular cargoes around inside cells.

F0-F1 ATP Synthase or ATPase Motor

An assembly of proteins anchored in the cell lipid bilayer of Mitochindrion of the cell. Catalyzes the re-synthesis of ATP, the biological energy currency, coupled to energy input. Powered by a proton gradient across the membrane created by nearby proton pumps. Structure - a rod rotating inside a static wheel. One of the most abundant rotary motors found in life forms. Present in abundance in
o intracellular membranes of animal mitochondria o plant chloroplasts, o bacteria, and other organisms

ATPase

 The

subunit:

o about 1 nm in diameter, o rotates inside the F1 subunit(which is about 5 nm in diameter) o produces approximately 40 pN-nm of rotary torque

Every time an ATP molecule is synthesized, the head of ATPase rotates by 120, making this protein a very small and very efficient nanopropeller.

Flagella Biological Motor

An assembly of proteins embedded in cell membranes Decomposes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy Provides motility to bacteria in a liquid through a whip-like rotary motion. Forward translation occurs when The thrust provided by flagella rotation overcomes opposing forces of viscous drag on the E. coli body

Flagella Motor and Drive Train

Shown are the:
L ring, P ring, MS ring, and C ring

Also shown are the:

stator, rotor, drive shaft, bushing and the filament that is driven to achieve motion

Viral Protein Linear (VPL)

pH dependant conformational change observed in surface proteins (envelope glycoproteins) of certain retroviruses, such as the HIV1 virus. Behave as nano-motors because change in the 3D structure and mechanical properties produces a linear-like motion. Integrated as actuators in bio-nano-robotic systems.

VPL

VPL Motor at neutral pH Front view of the partially -helical triple stranded coiled coil. VPL motor is in the closed conformation.

VPL Motor in acidic pH VPL Motor in the open conformation.

Motor Proteins
Kinesin: a linear processive motor that transports chemical payloads along microtubules in the cell. Myosin and Dynein: non-processive motors, which detach from the track and subsequently re-attach, and therefore can be seen as hopping along the track instead of walking.

Kinesin heads working in conjunction: i) Both ADP-carrying heads come near the microtubule and one of them (black neck) binds;

ii) Loss of bound ADP and addition of fresh ATP in the bound head moves the other (red neck) to the right;

iii) The second head (red) binds to microtubule while losing its ADP, and replacing it with a new ATP molecule while the first head hydrolyses its ATP and loses Pi;

iv) The ADP carrying black-neck will now be snapped forward, and the cycle will be repeated.

Myosin motor mechanism:

i) Motor head loosely docking to the actin binding site; ii) The binding becomes tighter along with the release of Pi;

iii) Lever arm swings to the left with the release of ADP, and; iv) Replacement of the lost ADP with a fresh ATP molecule results in dissociation of the head.

Man-Made Nanomachines

Electrically-driven Nanocrystal Linear Nanomotor Indium

Nanocrytals Indium Ram CNT Lever Arms

Assembled in an electron microscope from indium nanocrystal ram between two carbon-nanotube lever arms Another indium nanocrystal:
 attached to one of the lever arms,  through electromigration of indium atoms along the surface of the nanotubes, serves as a continuous supply of indium atoms.

The voltage bias applied to the lever controls the direction of flow of indium atoms between reservoir and ram, making the ram grow or shrink, and thereby prying the lever arms apart or allowing them to relax together.

Macro-Nano Equivalence
Structural Elements Joints Actuators Sensors

Metal, Plastic Polymer Electric Motors, Pneumatic Actuators, Smart Materials, Batteries, Light sensors, force sensors, position sensors, Temperature sensors, Revolute, Prismatic, Spherical Joints etc.

DNA, Nanotubes ATPase, VPL Motor, DNA, Nanodevices, Nanojoints, et c.

Developing a Bio-nano-robot
Finalization of Bio-nano-components
DNA as joints, hinges Proteins as motors... et c.

Assembly of the nano-components in a pre-decided order

Self-assembly Molecular docking method

Distributive intelligence programming and control

Binding mechanism Inter robotic signaling mechanisms

Automatic fabrication and Information processing

Floor concept of assembling bionanorobot

DNA-based Molecular Nanomachines, Joints and Actuators

DNA hinge/joint with three strands A, B and C (red, black and green respectively). Introduction and subsequent removal of a fuel strand F facilitates the closing and opening of the tweezers.

DNA Tweezer

Futuristic Applications
A "nanorobot" flowing inside a blood vessel, finds an infected cell. The nanorobot attaches to the cell and projects a drug to repair or destroy the infected cell.

Nanorobot

Infected RBC

Man-made Nano-organism
Body - carbon nanotubes

Power unit biomolecular motor located at the head can propel the device in various environments.

Feet helical peptide limbs can be used for locomotion and object manipulation

Thank You Questions are welcome..