Windows Desktops & Windows XP

Introduction to Windows Operating System

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Content
Operating System (OS) Operating System Architecture Operations performed by OS Network Commands Windows XP Operating system System Requirements for XP WIN XP Pro Advantages

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Operating system
An Operating system (OS) is a program that acts as an intermediary between users of a computer and as an interface between applications with the computer hardware that controls the execution of application programs

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Operating System (continued)

Operating system (OS) is the most important software that runs on a Computer. It is an interface between the user and the hardware It enable computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software It provides each user with a slice of the resources OS act as a control program

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Operating System Architecture

OS is set of programs which controls the computer system
Operating System Hardware

Other Software/Application program

Any request from different Application programs reaches to OS, which in turn sends the request to Hardware and executes the request.

Operating System Architecture

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Operating system overview

Users
Computer Operators/users1 Computer Operators/users 2 Computer Operators/users n

User rograms

Compiler

Interpreter

Database

ppli ation rograms an ystem programs

O

Operating ystem Computer Har ware

ifferent layers of intera tion with the system

ro essor, Memory, is et
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Operating System Structure

Operating System structure is a container consisting of collection of structures for interacting with the operating system's file system, directory paths, processes, and I/O subsystem. Operating system provides substructures that are meant to present a model to handle the resources Two basic criteria of OS structure are:
User System
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Operations performed by OS
Different operations performed by OS are: Memory management Command Interpreter Process management File Handling Networking

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Memory
Memory can be defined as a large array of bytes. With each byte/ word having its own address and can be accessed by the Central Processing unit (CPU) and I/O (input/output ) devices. Memory is of two types:
 Main Memory  Secondary memory

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Memory (Continued)
Main memory
 It is a volatile & Non-Volatile Memory storage device which primarily means that the contents are lost in the case of system failure.
ROM (Non- Volatile) RAM (volatile)

Secondary Memory
 It is a permanent and non-volatile memory. Most computers use disks for storing both large programs and data.
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Memory Management
Responsibility of OS for main memory management: It maintains a track of which part of memory is used and by which process To load a new process in memory when memory space becomes available OS Allocates the memory when needed and should deallocate the space if it is not needed Responsibility of the OS for secondary memory : It tracks for free space on the disk Storage allocation Scheduling of the Disk
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Command Interpreter
Command interpreter is the program that interprets control statements. Its function is to get and execute the next command statement Various commands are given to the operating system to deal with process creation, I/O handling, memory management and networking

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Process management
Process is defined as a program in execution. Process requires various resources to execute a program such as CPU time, memory and I/O devices. Responsibilities of the OS for process management:
Process creation and deletion. process suspension and resumption. Provision of mechanisms for:
process synchronization process communication

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Process - Definition
A process is a running instance of a program. It is a task that is in execution stage
 The tasks executed by the active process are terminals, files, and other I/O devices communication.  A process is more than a program code. It is an 'active' entity as oppose to program which consider to be a 'passive' entity.  Process elements are Program code and a Set of data associated with that code.
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Process Model
 In a process Model, all programs in the computer are organized in a number of sequential Processes.  The process model protects and separate memory from each other, and is dynamic in nature.  The states in the Process Model are as follows :
New Waiting Ready Exit process is being created process currently being executed process waiting for some event to occur process that is prepared to execute process that finished execution
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Running

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Working of Process Model

The Working of the Process model is diagrammatically shown below:
Dispatch Admit New Ready Time Out Event Occurs Event wait
Blocked Running

Release Exit

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Process Scheduling
Process Scheduling is the assignment of physical processors to processes to accomplish work. The problem of determining when processors should be assigned and to which processes is called processor scheduling or CPU scheduling. Types of Scheduling: Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) Decision to add to the pool of processes to be executed Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) Decision as to which available process will be executed by the processor I/O scheduler Decision as to which processs pending I/O request shall be handled by an available I/O device
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CPU Scheduler
Processes that are selected from memory that are ready to execute are allocated time to work with CPU is called as CPU Scheduler CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:
   

Switches from running to waiting state Switches from running to ready state Switches from waiting to ready Terminates
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Types of Process Scheduling

Types of Process Scheduling algorithms are as below:
 Non Preemptive scheduling:
The scheduling is non preemptive if, once a process has been given the CPU, the CPU cannot be taken away from that process

 Preemptive Scheduling:
Preemptive scheduling is the strategy of allowing processes that are logically run able to be temporarily suspended in contrast to the "run to completion" method.
 Context Switching is used to suspend the process in preemptive scheduling

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Scheduling Algorithms
 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

Select the process that has been waiting for long time for service
 Round Robin (RR)

Use time slicing to limit any running process to a short burst of processor time, and rotate among all ready processes
 Shortest process next

Select the process with the shortest expected process time.

 Shortest remaining time

Select the process with the shortest expected processing time and do not preempt the process
 Highest response ratio next

Base the scheduling decision on an estimate of normalized turnaround time

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Scheduling Criteria
    

CPU utilization Keeping the CPU always busy Throughput Processes that complete their execution per unit time Turnaround time Time taken to execute a particular process Waiting time Time taken for a process in ready queue Response time Time taken for responding first request
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File Handling
File is defined as the collection of related information. It represent data, source and object programs. Responsibility of the OS for file management: Creation, deletion and manipulation of file and directories Back up of files onto secondary storage or a non volatile storage medium.

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Networking
Networking system is a communication between different processors or computer. Each processor or computer has its own local memory. Communication among systems takes place using a protocol. Protocol is a set of agreements on which the two or more systems communicate on a network. It provides user access to various system resources. It allows access to a shared resource which supports computation speed-up, Increased data availability and enhanced reliability

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Types of Operating System

Types of Operating System are
 Single User Operating System
Only one user is allowed to use the computer at a given point of time Example : DOS

 Multi-User Operating System

Multiple users are allowed to use the same computer at the same time and /or at different time Unix, Linux, Windows 2000

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Different Windows OS
Product
2003

Basic version
Version 5.2

Type
32bit or 64 bit

Windows server 2003 Web Edition Windows server 2003Standard Windows server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows XP Professional Windows XP Home Windows XP tablet PC Edition Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows2000 Advanced Server

Version 5.2

32bit or 64 bit

XP

Version 5.00

32bit

2000

NT

Windows NT 4.0 Terminal server Edition Version 5.2 Windows NT 4.0 Enterprise Server Windows NT 4.0 Server

32bit or 64 bit

DOS

ROM-BIOS

ROM-BIOS

8-bit
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Networking - Definitions
Domain It contains a group of systems that can be accessed and administered with a common set of rules. It is set up using a networking software. It is also referred as domain name. Internet Protocol (IP) address Computer which is connected to the Internet is identified uniquely by a address known as its Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP address consists of four numbers (each between 0 and 255) separated by dots. Example of IP address: 10.116.12.146

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Networking Definitions (continued)

 Host Name
The IP addresses are difficult to remember the Internet allows us to identify a computer by a name instead of numbers. For example, IP address 10.116.12.146 can also be referred to as: B3A-2F168-32F7B. This string is known as the computer's host name.

 DNS server (Domain Name Server)

To communicate on the internet it is important to know which machine is connected. So the DNS converts Internet domain and host names to IP addresses

 DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server)

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and provides a solution that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network
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Network System
Client Request for IP name www.accenture.com Server returns
63.215.20.6

Workstation

After translation of IP address contact Web server

DNS Server

Web server returns: http://www.accenture.com/home/default.htm?viewType=F lash

Web Server
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Network Commands
IPCONFIG is a command that displays the current configuration of the IP on computer which is connected to a network. IPCONFIG switches that can be used at a command prompt are as follows: Ipconfig will display the IP address of the system ipconfig /all will display all of your IP settings. ipconfig /renew forces the DHCP server, if available to renew a lease ipconfig /release forces the release of a lease.
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Windows XP Operating system

Windows XP Operating system is a Microsoft product.
System Requirements for XP is as follows:

CPU

233Mhz 300Mhz (Recommended) Intel Pentium/Celeron family, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended

Memory

64MB 128MB (Recommended) 1.5 gigabyte (GB) of available hard disk

Super VGA (800 600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor
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Monitor

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Windows XP Desktop
Screen Shot of Windows XP

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WIN XP Pro Advantages

Advantages of Win XP Pro
Remote Desktop Offline Files and Folders Encrypting File System Granular Access Control Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain Support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles Software Installation and Maintenance Installation using Remote Installation Services (RIS) Multi-language support Multiprocessor support Multiple Monitors support Personal Firewall

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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)

Remote Desktop
Remote Desktop acts as a Terminal Server. It is advantageous in the case if you move from computer to computer and occasionally need to access your primary desktop from another machine. Remote Desktop is also useful when you're on the far, as you can connect to your machine over a VPN connection from a remote location. Offline files and folders allow you to store the contents of a network share on the local disk. This feature is advantageous when you are moving with a laptop. While plugging laptop back into the network, the files changed on the laptop are automatically synchronized so that the files in the network share are up to date. It encrypt files so that unauthorized users cannot view the contents. It is useful in high security or a laptop environment. Both Windows XP Home and Professional support the NTFS file system, but EFS is disabled on XP Home. EFS is best used on laptop computers

Offline Files and Folders

Encrypting File System (EFS)

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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)

Granular Access Control Windows XP Professional allows you to assign the full range of NTFS permissions to files and folders. Instead of granular NTFS based access controls, Windows XP Ability to join a Windows NT or Windows 2000 domain It support for Group Policy and Roaming Profiles Software Installation and Maintenance It allows you to change the language used is various dialog boxes It is not helpful feature if you work in one language Multiprocessor support Multiprocessor and multiple monitor support in Windows XP Professional allows use of up to two processors and 10 monitors. XP Home allows only a single processor and monitor. Updated Windows NT backup program is included with BOTH XP Professional and XP Home. The new backup program allows to back up to virtually any media like remote disks or tape.
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Multi-language support Multiple Monitors support Universal Backup in Operating System

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WIN XP Pro Advantages (continued)

Personal Firewall
Windows XP's Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) provides basic computer security, is easy to implement, and is free of charge to all Windows XP users. ICF allows the user to set restrictions on connection of computer from the Internet. The ICF disables all incoming traffic unless traffic is associated with an exchange that began from within your computer. Windows XP which provides a shared Internet connection with other machines on the same network. One drawback to ICF is that it doesn't block any outbound traffic Though it should probably be used in conjunction with other firewall products, ICF is a no-cost product, is easy to implement, and provides Windows XP users with a basic level of security.
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Key Points
 Operating system (OS) is the most important software that runs on a Computer. It is an interface between the user and the hardware  Networking system is a communication between different processors or computer. Each processor or computer has its own local memory.  IPCONFIG is a command that displays the current configuration of the IP on computer which is connected to a network.  Windows XP Operating system is a Microsoft product.

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Questions and Comments

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