Philippine Revolution:

Second Phase (1898-1902)

Group 3: Milcah Abecendario Justin Carpio Kim Jinsil Shanna Linquico Rio Opiso

Pact of Biak-na-Bato
The Pact of Biak-na-bato was signed on December 14, 1897 by Emilio Aguinaldo and Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera. The principal conditions were as follows:
Aguinaldo to live in any foreign country he wished; Spain would be paying him 800,000 Mexican dollars when all arms are surrendered; and the Te Deum be sung in the Cathedral in Manila. The money to be paid personally to Aguinaldo with only his knowledge along with his insurgents on how much it was. The Governonr-General would send two generals of the Spanish Army to be held as hostages by Aguinaldos associates. The religious corporations in the Philippines would be expelled and an autonomous system of government be established.

The first installment of money which was $400,000 was given when Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong while the two Spanish generals were being held captive. The revolutionists surrendered over 1,000 arms but Spain failed to give the second installment of the money they were never paid again. Nothing happened to the Religious Orders by expelling them although the Te Deum was sung. The treaty was abandoned when Aguinaldo received a letter from the Governor-Generals nephew, Lieutenant-Colonel Don Miguel Primo de Rivera, informing them that they can no longer return to the Philippines. While Aguinaldo was away, the Governor-General ordered the killings of the rightists and leftists in March of 1898. He also ordered the deportation of people who only have personal identification cards. The Spanish-American war broke out afterwards.

President Aguinaldo
Aguinaldo went into a voluntary exile in Hong Kong after signing the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. During the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he forged an alliance with Admiral Dewey after being promised Philippine independence afterwards. His first proclamation was to declare himself as the Philippine Head of State. On June 12, he proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. While on September 11 after joining the American forces to take over Manila, they went to Malolos and made it the Capital of the Republic. He was chosen unanimously to be the President of the Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899 and proclaimed himself as a Dictator a month after.

Treaty of Paris
Representatives of Spain and United States met in Paris and drafted a peace treaty. The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by US and Spain and ended the Spanish-American war. It states that Spain was to give the Philippines and Guam to the United States, give up all rights to Cuba, and surrender Puerto Rico and give its possessions to the West Indies. Spain would be paid $20,000,000 in return. (Philippines only) The treaty was being ratified while hostilities between the Filipinos and Americans were taking place. It was approved by the US Senate on February 6, 1899.

The Philippine Insurrection

Hostilities between the two camps (Philippines and US) happened because the Americans advanced against the Filipino line of defense on August 13 ,1898 and General Otis proclaimed the sovereignty of America in the Philippines on January 2, 1899. Otis decreed that Filipinos who protested to the rule will be punished harshly. But hostilities broke out and a three-year war raged in the Philippines declared by the Malolos Congress on June 2, 1899 with Pedro Paterno issuing the Proclamation of War. It was called the Philippine Insurrection so that it may appear as a rebellion, calling the Filipinos bandits, and for the United States to not be held liability.

Guerilla Warfare
Aguinaldo shifted from conventional tactics to guerilla warfare in the 1900s for their advantages. The Americans had almost 500 casualties in the first four months alone. Bloody ambushes and raids were staged to force the Americans to surrender or withdraw. But this only made the situation worse when the Americans started burning towns and suspecting every civilian then torturing them in concentration camps. Torturing of captives were evident on both sides with the Balangiga Massacre masterminded by the Filipinos. Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901. The war finally ended on July 4, 1902 with the establishing of the Philippine Commission.

Sources
The Origins and Causes of the Philippine Revolution by Juan Alvarez Guerra Views on the Philippine Revolution vol.1 and vol.2 True Version of the Philippine Revolution by Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy The Filipino Americans (From 1763 To Present) Their History, Culture, and Traditions by Veltisezar Bautista