Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Outline The components of an airport The airfield Runways Taxiways markings/lightings Other airfield markings/airfield areas/ airfield lighting/airfield signage Air Traffic Control towers Wind indicators Security infrastructure on airfields Navigational aids (NAVAIDS) located on airfields Non-directional radio beacons (NDB) Very-high-frequency omnidirectional range radio beacons (VOR Instrument Landing System (ILS) Microwave Landing System (MLS) GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
Pg.99
Runway Pavements
The first paved runway was constructed in 1928 at Ford Terminal in Dearborn, Michigan. Before that it was a grass field. Runways pavements may be constructed of flexible (asphalt) or rigid (concrete) materials. The thickness of pavements may range from 6 inches for light aircraft to over 3 feet for large commercial aircraft. The life of asphalt runways may last between 15 years and 20 years pg.105/6
7
Runway markings
Three (3) types of marking for runways: 1. Visual 2. Non-precision instrument 3. Precision instrument such as Instrument Landing System (ILS) or precision approach radar (PAR) that provide both horizontal vertical guidance to the runway. All runway markings are painted in white. Pg.106
8
A Displaced threshold
Displaced of the runway threshold reduces the length of runway available for landing. A 10-foot-wide white threshold bar is located across the width of runway at the displaced threshold. White arrows are located along the centre line in the area between the beginning of the runway and displaced threshold. White arrow heads are located across the with of the runway prior to the threshold bar. pg. 108
10
11
12
RUNWAY MARKINGS
13
14
15
16
Runway lighting
Runway lighting is extremely important for night time aircraft operations or in poor visibility weather conditions. There are three categories of runway lighting systems: 1. Approach lighting system. 2. Visual glide slope indicators, runway end identifiers, runway edge light systems. 3. In-runway lighting systems. Pg.110
17
Airport Lighting
18
Lighting Continued
19
Lighting Continued
20
21
Taxiways (1)
The major function of taxiways is to provide access for aircraft to travel to and from the runways to other areas of the airport in an expeditious manner. Taxiways are identified as parallel taxiways, entrance taxiways, bypass taxiways, or exit taxiways. Parallel taxiways are typically identified by alphabetical designators. E.g.; a taxiway on the north side of an airfield might be designate taxiway N, whereas on the south side, will be S. A series of entrance, exit and bypass taxiways associated with parallel taxiway north may be numbered consecutively in series as N1, N2, N3 and so on. Pg.122
22
Taxiways (2)
Taxiways are planned with the following principles in mind: 1. Aircrafts that have just landed should not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off. 2. Taxi routes should provide the shortest distance between aircraft parking areas and runways. 3. At busy airports, taxiways are normally located at various points along runways so that landing aircraft can leave the runways as quickly as possible. 4. A taxiway designed to permit higher turnoff speeds reduces the time a landing aircraft is on the runway. Such taxiways are called high-speed exit taxiways and are to typically aligned at a 30 to 45 degree angle connecting the runway with the parallel taxiway. 5. When possible, taxiways are planned so as not to cross an active runway
Pg.123
23
24
25
26
Instrument Landing System (ILS) (continued) The ILS provides guidance by radio beams that define a straight-line path to the runway at a fixed slope of approximately 3 degrees, beginning 5 to 7 miles from the runway threshold. All aircraft approaching the airport under ILS guidance must follow this in single line. The ILS ground equipment consists two highly directional transmitting systems and, along the approach, up to three marker beacons. The directional transmitters are know as the localizer and glide slope. Pg.139
28
30
Pg. 142
31
32
33
37
38
39
41
42