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FG
G m1 m2 = r2
The constant of proportionality is G, the universal gravitation constant. G = 6.67 10-11 Nm2 / kg2. Note how the units of G all cancel out except for the Newtons, which is the unit needed on the left side of the equation.
Gravity Example
How hard do two planets pull on each other if their masses are 1.23v1026 kg and 5.21v1022 kg and they 230 million kilometers apart? G m1 m2 FG = r2 (6.67 10-11 Nm2 / kg2) (1.23 1026 kg) (5.21 1022 kg) = (230 103 106 m) 2 = 8.08 1015 N This is the force each planet exerts on the other. Note the denominator is has a factor of 103 to convert to meters and a factor of 106 to account for the million. It doesnt matter which way or how fast the planets are moving.
1.23 1026 kg
FG
G m1 m2 = r2
What if each mass and the separation were all quadrupled? answer: no change in the force
Since G is only 6.67 10-11 Nm2 / kg2, the measurements had to be very precise.
FG
G m1 m2 = r2
G ME m = R 2 E
= mg
The ms cancel in the last equation. g can be measured experimentally; Cavendish determined Gs value; and RE can be calculated at 6.37 106 m (see next slide). ME is the only unknown. Solving for ME we have: g RE 2 = 5.98 1024 kg ME = G
RE U
Earth
Steps:
1. Find each force of gravity on it and draw in the vectors. 2. Find the angle at the lower right. 3. One force vector is to the left; break the other one down into components. 4. Find the resultant vector: magnitude via Pythagorean theorem; direction via inverse tangent. answer: 0.212 N at 14.6r above horizontal (N of W)
x = vt v y = 0.5 g t 2 {
Newton imagined a cannon ball fired horizontally from a mountain top at a speed v. In a time t it falls a distance y = 0.5 g t 2 while moving horizontally a distance x = v t. If fired fast enough (about 8 km/s), the Earth would curve downward the same amount the cannon ball falls downward. Thus, the projectile would never hit the ground, and it would be in orbit. The moon falls around Earth in the exact same way but at a much greater altitude. .
continued on next slide
Early Astronomers
In the 2nd century AD the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy put forth a theory that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe and that the sun, moon, and planets revolve around it. Though incorrect, it was accepted for centuries. In the early 1500s the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus boldly rejected Ptolemys geocentric model for a heliocentric one. His theory put the sun stated that the planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits and that Earth rotates daily on its axis. In the late 1500s the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe made better measurements of the planets and stars than anyone before him. The telescope had yet to be invented. He believed in a Ptolemaic-Coperican hybrid model in which the planets revolve around the sun, which in turn revolves around the Earth.
Early Astronomers
Both Galileo and Kepler contributed greatly to work of the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton a generation later. In the late 1500s and early 1600s the Italian scientist Galileo was one of the very few people to advocate the Copernican view, for which the Church eventually had him placed under house arrest. After hearing about the invention of a spyglass in Holland, Galileo made a telescope and discovered four moons of Jupiter, craters on the moon, and the phases of Venus. The German astronomer Johannes Kepler was a contemporary of Galileo and an assistant to Tycho Brahe. Like Galileo, Kepler believed in the heliocentric system of Copernicus, but using Brahes planetary data he deduced that the planets move in ellipses rather than circles. This is the first of three planetary laws that Kepler formulated based on Brahes data.
F1 Sun
F2
P Planet An ellipse has two foci, F1 and F2. For any point P on the ellipse, F1 P + F2 P is a constant. The orbits of the planets are nearly circular (F1 and F2 are close together), but not perfect circles. A circle is a an ellipse with both foci at the same point--the center. Comets have very eccentric (highly elliptical) orbits.
D Sun B The blue shaded sector has the same area as the red shaded sector. Thus, a planet moves from C to D in the same amount of time as it moves from A to B. This means a planet must move faster when its closer to the sun. For planets this affect is small, but for comets its quite noticeable, since a comets orbit is has much greater eccentricity. C
GM 4T2 R = 2 R T2 4 T2 3 Rearrange: T 2 = R GM
TE 2 = k RE 3 and TJ 2 = k RJ 3
ks value matters not; since both planets are orbiting the same central body (the sun), k is the same in both equations. TE = 1 year, and RJ / RE = 5.2, so dividing equations:
TJ 2 RJ 3 2 = R 3 TE E
TJ 2 = (5.2) 3
TJ = 11.9 years
continued on next slide
(cont.)
answer: Since its orbital is approximately circular, and its speed is approximately constant: Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the sun (5.2 times farther than Earth is). d v= t 1 day 2T (5.2)(93 106 miles) 1 year = 11.9 years 365 days 24 hours Jupiters period from last slide
} 29,000 mph.
This means Jupiter is cruising through the solar system at about 13,000 m/s! Even at this great speed, though, Jupiter is so far away that when we observe it from Earth, we dont notice its motion. Planets closer to the sun orbit even faster. Mercury, the closest planet, is traveling at about 48,000 m/s!
Earths surface
(cont.)
A 10 kg mass is near the surface of the Earth. Since the field strength is 9.8 N/ kg, each of the ten kilograms feels a 9.8 N force, for a total of 98 N. So, we can calculate the force of gravity by multiply mass and field strength. This is the same as calculating its weight (W = mg).
10 kg 98 N
Earths surface
Earth