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Adsorption vs Absorption
Adsorption
is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface.
This
process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. It differs from absorption, in which a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid.
Langmuir equation is the fractional coverage of the surface, P is the gas pressure or concentration, is a constant. 1. The surface of the adsorbent is uniform, that is, all the adsorption sites are equivalent. 2. Adsorbed molecules do not interact. 3. All adsorption occurs through the same mechanism. 4. At the maximum adsorption, only a monolayer is formed: molecules of adsorbate do not deposit on other, already adsorbed, molecules of adsorbate, only on the free surface of the adsorbent.
Often molecules do form multilayers, that is, some are adsorbed on already adsorbed molecules and the Langmuir isotherm is not valid.
S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett and E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 309.
Basic assumptions 1. the same assumptions as that of Langmuir but allow multi-layer adsorption 2. the heat of ads. of additional layer equals to the latent heat of condensation 3. based on the rate of adsorption=the rate of desorption for each layer of ads. the following BET equation was derived
P / P0 1 c 1 = + ( P / P0 ) V ( 1 P / P0 ) cVm cVm
Where P - equilibrium pressure P0 -saturate vapour pressure of the adsorbed gas at the temperature P/P0 is called relative pressure V - volume of adsorbed gas per kg adsorbent Vm - volume of monolayer adsorbed gas per kg adsorbent c - constant associated with adsorption heat and condensation heat
1. Calculation of surface areaof a solid material 2. Pore Size of Porous materials 3. Pore Volume of Porous materials
Temperatures
Liquid Nitrogen Liquid Argon Dry ice/acetone Water/ice Others
II
Type I is found for porous materials with small pores e.g. charcoal. It is clearly Langmuir monolayer type, but the other 4 are not Type II for non-porous materials
amount adsorbed
III
IV
Type III porous materials with cohesive force between adsorbate molecules greater than the adhesive force between adsorbate molecules and adsorbent Type IV staged adsorption (first monolayer then build up of additional layers)
1.0
Type V porous materials with cohesive force between adsorbate molecules and adsorbent being greater than that between adsorbate molecules
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