Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci Presented by Yuyan Xue 11-30-2005

Outline
  

Introduction Applications of sensor networks Factors influencing sensor network design Communication architecture of sensor networks Conclusion
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Introduction
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
 

Random deployment Cooperative capabilities

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Introduction
Sensor networks VS ad hoc networks:


 

  

The number of nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network. Sensor nodes are densely deployed. Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities and memory. Sensor nodes are prone to failures. The topology of a sensor network changes frequently. Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast, most ad hoc networks are based on p2p. Sensor nodes may not have global ID.
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Applications of Sensor networks

Applications of sensor networks

Military applications


  

Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain Battlefield surveillance Battle damage assessment Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection
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Applications of sensor networks

Environmental applications  Forest fire detection  Biocomplexity mapping of the environment  Flood detection  Precision agriculture

Applications of sensor networks

Health applications  Tele-monitoring of human physiological data  Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital  Drug administration in hospitals

Applications of sensor networks

Home and other commercial applications
    

Home automation and Smart environment Interactive museums Managing inventory control Vehicle tracking and detection Detecting and monitoring car thefts

Factors Influencing Sensor Network Design

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Factors influencing sensor network design

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Factors influencing sensor network design

      

Fault Tolerance Scalability Hardware Constrains Sensor Network Topology Environment Transmission Media Power Consumption
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Factors influencing sensor network design

Fault tolerance


Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures. The fault tolerance level depends on the application of the sensor networks.
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Factors influencing sensor network design

Scalability


Scalability measures the density of the sensor nodes. Density = Q (R) =(N T R2)/A R Radio Transmission Range

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Factors influencing sensor network design

Production costs


The cost of a single node is very important to justify the overall cost of the networks. The cost of a sensor node is a very challenging issue given the amount of functionalities with a price of much less than a dollar.
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Factors influencing sensor network design

Hardware constraints

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Factors influencing sensor network design

Sensor network topology
  

Pre-deployment and deployment phase Post-deployment phase Re-deployment of additional nodes phase

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Factors influencing sensor network design

Environment
          

Busy intersections Interior of a large machinery Bottom of an ocean Surface of an ocean during a tornado Biologically or chemically contaminated field Battlefield beyond the enemy lines Home or a large building Large warehouse Animals Fast moving vehicles Drain or river moving with current.
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Factors influencing sensor network design

Transmission media
In a multihop sensor network, communicating nodes are linked by a wireless medium. To enable global operation, the chosen transmission medium must be available worldwide. Radio infrared optical media
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Factors influencing sensor network design

Power Consumption
  

Sensing Communication Data processing

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

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Communication architecture of sensor networks



Combine power and routing awareness Integrates date with networking protocols Communicates power efficiently through the wireless medium Promotes cooperative efforts among sensor nodes.
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Physical layer:
Address the needs of simple but robust modulation, transmission, and receiving techniques. frequency selection carrier frequency generation signal detection and propagation signal modulation and data encryption.
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Communication architecture of sensor networks



Propagation Effects Minimum output power (dn 2=<n<4) Ground reflect Multihop in dense sensor net work Power Efficiency Modulation Scheme M-ary Modulation scheme Ultra wideband(impulse radio)

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Open research issues  Modulation schemes  Strategies to overcome signal propagation effects  Hardware design: transceiver

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Data link layer:
The data link layer is responsible for the multiplexing of data stream, data frame detection, the medium access and error control.
  

Medium Access Control Power Saving Modes of Operation Error Control

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Medium access control
 

Creation of the network infrastructure Fairly and efficiently share communication resources between sensor nodes Existing MAC protocols (Cellular System, Bluetooth and mobile ad hoc network)

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

MAC for Sensor Networks


 

Self-organizing medium access control for sensor networks and Eaves-drop-and-register Algorithm CSMA-Based Medium Access Hybrid TDMA/FDMA-Based

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Power Saving Modes of Operation


Sensor nodes communicate using short data packets The shorter the packets, the more dominance of startup energy Operation in a power saving mode is energy efficient only if the time spent in that mode is greater than a certain threshold.
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Error Control


Error control modes in Communication Networks (additional retransmission energy cost) Forward Error Correction (FEC) Automatic repeat request (ARQ) Simple error control codes with low-complexity encoding and decoding might present the best solutions for sensor networks.
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Open research issues  MAC for mobile sensor networks  Determination of lower bounds on the energy required for sensor network selforganization  Error control coding schemes.  Power saving modes of operation
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Network layer:


 

Power efficiency is always an important consideration. Sensor networks are mostly data centric. Data aggregation is useful only when it does not hinder the collaborative effort of the sensor nodes. An ideal sensor network has attribute-based addressing and location awareness.

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Energy Efficient Routes

Maximum available power (PA) route: Route 2 Minimum energy (ME) route: Route 1 Minimum hop (MH) route: Route 3 Maximum minimum PA node route: Route 3 Minimum longest edge route: Route 1
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Interest Dissemination
  

Sinks broadcast the interest Sensor nodes broadcast the advertisements Attribute-based naming
The areas where the temperature is over 70oF The temperature read by a certain node

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Data aggregation


Solve implosion and overlap Problem Aggregation based on same attribute of phenomenon Specifics (the locations of reporting sensor nodes) should not be left out
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Several Network Layer Schemes for Sensor Networks

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Open research issues


New protocols need to be developed to address higher topology changes and higher scalability. New internetworking schemes should be developed to allow easy communication between the sensor networks and external networks.

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Transport layer:


This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through Internet or other external networks. TCP/UDP type protocols meet most requirements (not based on global addressing). Little attempt thus far to propose a scheme or to discuss the issues related to the transport layer of a sensor network in literature.
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Open research issues


Because acknowledgments are too costly, new schemes that split the end-to-end communication probably at the sinks may be needed.

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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Application layer:
Management protocol makes the hardware and software of the lower layers transparent to the sensor network management applications. Sensor management protocol (SMP) Task assignment and data advertisement protocol (TADAP) Sensor query and data dissemination protocol (SQDDP)
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Communication architecture of sensor networks

Sensor management protocol (SMP)


     

Introducing the rules related to data aggregation, attribute-based naming, and clustering to the sensor nodes Exchanging data related to the location finding algorithms Time synchronization of the sensor nodes Moving sensor nodes Turning sensor nodes on and off Querying the sensor network configuration and the status of nodes, and reconfiguring the sensor network Authentication, key distribution, and security in data communications
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Some Other Interesting Applications



MIT d'Arbeloff Lab The ring sensor



Monitors the physiological status of the wearer and transmits the information to the medical professional over the Internet Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor It can detect 400 species of gases and transmit a signal indicating the level to a central control station
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory



iButton


A 16mm computer chip armored in a stainless steel can Up-to-date information can travel with a person or object Types of i-Button
  

Memory Button Java Powered Cryptographic iButton Thermochron iButton

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iButton Applications
Caregivers Assistance


Do not need to keep a bunch of keys. Only one iButton will do the work They do not need to enter all their personal information again and again. Only one touch of iButton is sufficient They can enter their ATM card information and PIN with iButton Vending Machine Operation Assistance
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Elder Assistance


iBadge - UCLA
 

Investigate behavior of children/patient Features:

   

Speech recording / replaying Position detection Direction detection / estimation(compass) Weather data: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Light
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iBadge - UCLA

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Conclusion
 

Applications of sensor networks Factors influencing sensor network design Communication architecture of sensor networks

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