ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY STEERED ARRAY RADAR

Outline
 What is RADAR?  Radar Scanning?  Phased Array Radars  Progress  Future Tasks

Outline

WHAT IS RADAR?
RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS FUTURE TASKS

What is RADAR?
 RADAR an acronym for:

Radio Detection and Ranging  Basic Principles

Transmits an electromagnetic signal modulated with particular type of waveform. (modulation depends on requirements of application) Signal is reflected from target Reflected signal is detected by radar receiver and analyzed to extract desired information

Basic Operation [5]

Target Range,

R=c t / 2

is needed to account for the two-way

time delay

Frequency Bands [6]

SRE: Surveillance Radar ASR: Airport surveillance Radar PAR: Phased array radar SMR: Surface movement Radar

Applications (1/2) [1]

 Air Traffic Control
Monitor the location of aircraft in flight Monitor the location of aircraft/vehicles on surface of airports

 Air Navigation
Weather radar Terrain avoidance and terrain following Radar altimeter

Applications (2/2) [1]

 Marine  Law Enforcement and highway safety  Space  Military

Types [5]
 Basic Types
Monostatic - transmitter and receiver use same antenna Pulse Transmission Bistatic - transmitter and receiver antennas are separated, sometimes by large distances Continuous wave Transmission

Generic Radar System [1]

Generic Radar System [3]

Functional Descriptions [3]

Outline
WHAT IS RADAR?

RADAR SCANNING?
PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS FUTURE TASKS

RADAR scanning [4]

 An important part of RADAR architecture  Provides support to the antenna  Directs the antenna beam
Transmission & Reception

 Types:
Surface based scanning Air borne scanning

Common elements of Scanners (1/2) [4]

 Antenna
Transmit/ Receive RF energy Single element/ Array Parabolic reflectors, Aperture antennas etc

 Transmission Line
Coaxial line or Wave guides Special rotary joints required to support scanning rotation

Common elements of Scanners (2/2) [4]

 Scan mechanism
Continuous rotation of the antenna about its axis Usual rate of rotation 4-6 rpm (ground or ship search) Air-borne rotation at 30 rpm 2D rotation- Complex rotation mechanism

 Kinematics of the Scan  Data transmission

Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING?

PHASED ARRAY RADARS

PROGRESS FUTURE TASKS

Phased Array Radars (1/2)

 No physical rotation of antenna elements for

Scanning  Phase manipulation/ control of the individual antenna

Constructive and Destructive interference Beam steering in the particular direction

Phased Array Radars (1/2) Demonstration [6]

Phase control to steer antenna beam in the desired direction

Beam steering mathematics [6]

Constant phase increment
x = d sin 360 = x 360 d sin =
s
(2 )

= phase shift between two successive elements d = distance between the radiating elements (half the wavelength) s = beam steering

Example [6]
 A radar set works with a wavelength of =3 cm.  The distance between the radiating elements is 1.5 cm.  The beam steering is
s= 40.

 Which value shall have to have the phase shifter no. 8?

=(360*1.5 cm/3 cm)*sin(40) = 115.70.  Phase shift value 8 = 7 115.70 = 809.91. 8 = 89.91.


What s Unique to PAR?

Parabolic Antenna
Single radiation element
Single transmitter Single receiver

Phased Array Antenna

Multiple radiation elements
Multiple transmitters Multiple receivers

Non-conformal Fixed beam pattern Mechanical steering

Conformal Variable beam pattern Electronic steering

Types of Phased Array Radars [8]

 Passive phased array radar  Active phased array radar

System Components
 Amplification, Phase shifting and Attenuators

required at each antenna element

High power amplifiers, Low noise amplifier, Limiters

 Transmit and Receive circuitry connected to

each antenna element

TR switch, duplexer

Transmit/ Receive module [6], [3]

Single Transmit/ Receive element for Active phased array radar

Phase and Amplitude Control

 Adding phase shift in the signal  Null and Side lobe control
Anti Jamming

Transmission Line Phase shifters [6]

Digital Beam Steering/ Forming [8]

 Use of computational and programmable

environment
Signal processing in the Digital domain Phase and Amplitude control

Digital Beam forming [8]

Advantages [8]
 Digital beam formers can accomplish
Minimization of side-lobe levels Interference canceling Multiple beam operation

 Control System
Programmable device

Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS

PROGRESS
FUTURE TASKS

1.Simulation: Beam Steering

 Bram Steering
4 element antenna array Center frequency: 8 GHz

 Phase shifting
Manually for proof of concept

1. 4-element array at 8GHz

A1 A2 A3 A4

1.Results (0,0,0,0)
0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

THETA

1.0,0,0,30
m1 THETA=-3.000 B(Ecross)=-1.135 m1 Max

0 -10 . [ B] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,0,0,45
m1 THETA=-4.000 B(Ecross)=-1.120 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [ B] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,0,0,90
m1 E A=-7. dB(Ecro =-1.101 1ax

0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 ] ag. [

E A

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,0,0,120
m1 E A=-10. dB(Ecro =-1. 77 m1 Max

0 -10 ag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20

E A

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,30,60,90
m1 THETA=-8.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.126 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,30,90,150
m1 THETA=-14.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.091 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,45,90,135
m1 THETA=-13.000 dB(Ecross)=-1.106 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,60,120,180
m1 T T -17.000 d ( cross) -1.075 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [d ] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20 T

0 T

20

40

60

80

100

1.0,90,180,270
m1 THETA=-26.000 dB(Ecross)=-0.989 m1 Max

0 -10 Mag. [dB] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -100 -80 -60 -40

-20

THETA

20

40

60

80

100

2.Simulation: System Architecture

 Transmitter module
Baseband signal at 100 MHz RF converted frequency at 10 GHz

2.Transmitter model
ENVELOPE
Envelope Env1 Freq[1]=100 MHz Freq[2]=1.0 GHz Freq[3]=10 GHz Order[1]=3 Order[2]=3 Order[3]=3 Stop=100 nsec Step=10 nsec 4 BPF_Chebyshev BPF4 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X1 AMP1 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0 Term Term2 Num=2 Z=50 Ohm

Wave form Generator Baseband Signal 100 MHz

Upconversion Stage LO= . GHz RF=10 GHz

HPA Gain 5 dB

Transmit Antenna

```` 1 P_1Tone Source Num=1 Z=50 Ohm P=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Freq=100 MHz 3 MixerWithLO MIX5 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0)

Amplifier2 IF_Amplifier S21=dbpolar(30,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

1 P_1Tone Source1 Num=1 Z=50 Ohm P=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Freq=100 MHz

3 MixerWithLO MIX6 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF5 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X2 AMP2 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

4 Term Term3 Num=3 Z=50 Ohm

Amplifier2 IF_Amplifier1 S21=dbpolar(30,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

1 P_1Tone Source2 Num=2 Z=50 Ohm P=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Freq=100 MHz

3 MixerWithLO MIX7 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF6 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X3 AMP3 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

4 Term Term4 Num=4 Z=50 Ohm

Amplifier2 IF_Amplifier2 S21=dbpolar(30,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

1 P_1Tone Source3 Num=3 Z=50 Ohm P=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Freq=100 MHz

3 MixerWithLO MIX8 ZRef=50 Ohm DesiredIF=RF plus LO ConvGain=dbpolar(18,0) BPF_Chebyshev BPF7 Fcenter=10 GHz BWpass=50 MHz Ripple=0.1 dB BWstop=8 GHz Astop=30 dB antenna_gain Amplifier2 X4 AMP4 S21=dbpolar(20,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

4 Term Term5 Num=5 Z=50 Ohm

Amplifier2 IF_Amplifier3 S21=dbpolar(30,0) S11=dbpolar(-40,0) S22=dbpolar(-40,180) S12=0

2.Baseband spectrum
2 m2 fr =100.0MH B(v r("1"))=-9.914 time=100.0000nsec

0 -10 -20

B(v r("1"))

- 0 -40 - 0 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

fr

GH

2.RF level: 10 GHz

50 20

m3

dB( ar("4"))

-10 -40 -70 -100

m3 10.00GHz fr dB( ar("4")) 33.811 tim =100.0000ns c

10

11

12

13

14

15

fr

Hz

2.Receiver Model
HA MONI
Har onic alance H 1 Freq[1]=1.0 Hz rder[1]=6 PF_ utterworth PF1 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d PF_ utterworth PF2 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d

ALAN E
Vfc

Var Eqn
f t

Vt

Vfc Vfc1 Vfc1=vfc(vout,0,{1})

Vt Vt1 Vt1=vt(vout,0,0,10nsec,201)

VA VA 1 A p_gain=30 arget_location=-1

Vout1

Vout2

A plifier2 AMP1 21=dbpolar(A p_gain,0) 11=polar(0,0) 22=polar(0,180) 12=0

ecei e Antenna Array

LNA stage

A plifier2 AMP4 21=dbpolar(A p_gain,0) 11=polar(0,0) 22=polar(0,180) 12=0

antenna_gain antenna4

PF_ utterworth PF4 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d

Vout4

A plifier2 AMP3 21=dbpolar(A p_gain,0) 11=polar(0,0) 22=polar(0,180) 12=0 a4

antenna_gain antenna3

er er 4 Nu =4 =50 h

target_phaseshifter target_th1 X= arget_location

PF_ utterworth PF3 Fcenter=1 Hz Wpass=25 MHz Apass=3.0103 d Wstop=3 Hz Astop=20 d

A plifier2 AMP2 21=dbpolar(A p_gain,0) 11=polar(0,0) 22=polar(0,180) 12=0

Vout3

antenna_gain antenna2

a3 er er 3 Nu =3 =50 h

antenna_gain antenna1

a2 er er 2 Nu =2 =50 h

a1 er er 1 Nu =1 =50 h

2.Target Model
Vf_Pulse SRC2 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC4 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC1 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16 Vf_Pulse SRC3 Vpeak=1 uV Vdc=0 V Freq=1 GHz Width=0.3 nsec Rise=0.1 nsec Fall=0.1 nsec Delay=0 nsec Weight=no Harmonics=16
600 400

nV nV nV nV ts(Vout4), ts(Vout3), ts(Vout2), ts(Vout1),

200 0 -200 -400 -600 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

v_s TimeDelay TD1 Delay=X*0.027e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm v_s TimeDelay TD2 Delay=X*0.054e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm TimeDelay TD3 Delay=X*0.081e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm Port P1 Num=1

time, nsec

Port P2 Num=2

v_s

Port P3 Num=3

v_s

1.2 1.0

ts(v_s), V

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

TimeDelay TD4 Delay=X*0.108e-9 ZRef=50. Ohm

Port P4 Num=4

time, nsec

2.Target: if Straight
600 400

nV nV nV nV ts(Vout4 ts(Vout3 ts(Vout2 ts(Vout1

   

200 0 -200 -400 -600 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

, , , ,

time, n ec

-80 -90

phase(Vout4 phase(Vout3 phase(Vout2 phase(Vout1

 

-100 -110 -120 -130 -140 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

freq,

2.In this case, Target Located 10 degrees right

600 400

V V V V t4), t ), t2), t1), ts(V ts(V ts(V ts(V

200 0 -200 -400 -600

t me, se

t4) t3) t2) t1) phase(V phase(V phase(V phase(V

$ # $ # $ # $ #

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.

0.

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.

freq, GHz

"

0.0

0.

0.

0.

0.

.0

1.

1.

1.

1.

2.0

-80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 1.4 1.5

2.Target Located 10 degrees left

800 600

nV nV nV nV t4), t3), t2), t1), ts(V ts(V ts(V ts(V

400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

, ns c

s s s s

(V (V (V (V

t4) t3) t2) t1)

fr

0.

0.6

0.

0.8

0.

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.

'

&% '

60 0 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 - 0 -60

Outline
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR SCANNING? PHASED ARRAY RADARS PROGRESS

FUTURE TASKS

Future Tasks
1. System Level simulation
Beam Steering Complete architecture

2. Component Design a. Muhammad Usman Afzal

High power Amplifier Antenna Array

References
1. ELEC4600 Radar and Navigation Engineering 2. Radar Principles & Systems by LT Mazat 3. Introduction to Radar Systems, MIT Lincoln Laboratory 4. Radar Scanners & Radomes, MIT radiation laboratory series 5. Introduction to Radar basics Matlab simulation for Radar system design

References
6. www.radartutorial.eu 7. Active Phased Array Radar Systems, Dr. Yasser Al-Rashid. Lockheed Martin MS2 Radar Systems 8. Phased Array Antenna And Beam Forming Sub-sytems In Phased Array Radar

Dr A. Jhansi Rani, A.Jaya Lakshmi, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology