TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics

which makes possible the solution of
unknown parts of a triangle. When the
values of certain angles and sides of a
triangle are known, it is possible to
determine the value of all parts through the
use of trigonometric processes.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter students should
be able to
Use the trigonometrical ratios of sine, cosine
and tangent to find the dimensions of sides
and angles of right angle triangles.
Apply trigonometry concept to solve practical
problems.
Trigonometric functions are based on the
ratios of the sides of a right triangle to one
another.
In trigonometry the ratios of the sides of a
right triangle to one another are given particular
names. These are sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant.
Trigonometric Functions
a
c
b
A C
B
s i n
cos
t an
1
s ec
cos
1
cos
s i n
1
cot
t an
oppos i t e a
A
hypot enus e c
adj acent b
A
hypot enus e c
oppos i t e a
A
adj acent b
A
A
ecA
A
A
A
! !
! !
! !
!
!
!
Sine, cosine and tangent are the three
fundamental trigonometric ratios used to
determine the size of angles. As they are each a
ratio of length divided by length, they have no
units.
The definitions of sine, cosine and tangent are
true only for a right angle triangle. If a triangle is
nor right-angled the definitions must not be used.
Validity of Trigonometric Ratios
Pythagorean
Identities
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
sec tan 1
sec cot 1 co
U U
U U
U U

Find for the triangle PQR.

sin , cos , tan U U U
P
Example 1
Q
R
5
12
13
U
Solution:
5
sin 0.3846
13
12
cos 0.9231
13
5
tan 0.4167
12
PQ
PR
QR
PR
PQ
QR
U
U
U
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
Sine and Cosine of Special Angles
30, 90 and 60 degree angles are used many times in
mathematics. In a 30-60-90 triangle, the sides are in
ratio of 1: :2
3
Sin 30 deg = 1/2
Cos 30
o
=
Sin 60
o
=
,
Cos 60 deg = 1/2
Evaluate
Example 6
In a 45-45-90 triangle, the sides are in ratio of 1 : 1 :
Sin 45
o
=
,
Cos 45
o
=
Degrees radians Sin o Cos o
0 0 0 1
30 x/o 1/2
45 x/4
60 x/1 1/2
90 x/2 1 0
Graph of Sine
Graph of Cosine
Graph of Tangent
Reference Angles Reference Angles
All angles can be referenced back to an
angle in the first quadrant. This is true
because the trigonometric functions are
periodic. Now, let us study each of the
following quadrant formulas to find the
reference angles.
To find the reference angle a, simply use the
chart in previous slide to locate the angle q.
Example 1: If q =120, then you are in quadrant
II. Thus, use the formula 180 - 120 to get a
reference angle of 60.
Example 2: If q = 195, then you are in
quadrant III. Thus, use the formula 195 - 180 to
get a reference angle of 15.
Example 3: If q = 300, then you are in
quadrant IV. Thus, use the formula 360 - 300 to
get a reference angle of 60.
Only
sine +ve
All +ve
Only
tan +ve
Only
cos +ve
Examples
Sin 135
o
= Sin ( 180
o
- 135
o
) = Sin 45
o
Cos 310
o
= Cos (360
o
- 310
o
) = Cos 50
o
Sin 210
o
= Sin (210
o
- 180
o
) = - Sin 30
o
(Sin is negative in third quad)
Cos 112
o
= Cos (180
o
- 112
o
) = - Cos 68
o
(Cos is negative in 2nd quad)
EXERCISES
1. Find all the trigonometric
functions for angle B in
triangle shown below:
A
B
C
7
12
x
Exercises
2. Find the reference angles for:
cos70
cos120
cos210
cos300
o
o
o
o
sin50
sin130
sin230
sin310
o
o
o
o
tan30
tan140
tan220
tan320
o
o
o
o
Exercises
Two-dimensional coordinate
system
Cartesian Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates
In mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system
(also called rectangular coordinate system) is used
to determine each point uniquely in a plane through
two numbers, usually called the x-coordinate and the
y-coordinate ordinate of the point. To define the
coordinates, two perpendicular directed lines (the x-
axis, and the y-axis), are specified, as well as the unit
length, which is marked off on the two axes (see
Figure 1). Cartesian coordinate systems are also used
in space (where three coordinates are used) and in
higher dimensions.
Polar Coordinate System
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a
two-dimensional coordinate system in which each
point on a plane is determined by an angle and a
distance. The polar coordinate system is especially
useful in situations where the relationship between
two points is most easily expressed in terms of angles
and distance; in the more familiar Cartesian or
rectangular coordinate system, such a relationship can
only be found through trigonometric formulation.
Each point in the polar coordinate system can
be described with the two polar coordinates,
which are usually called r (the radial
coordinate) and (the angular coordinate ). The
r coordinate represents the radial distance from
the pole, and the coordinate represents the
anticlockwise (counterclockwise) angle from
the 0 ray (sometimes called the polar axis),
known as the positive x-axis on the Cartesian
coordinate plane.
For example, the polar coordinates (3, 60)
would be plotted as a point 3 units from the
pole on the 60 ray. The coordinates (3,
240) would also be plotted at this point
because a negative radial distance is
measured as a positive distance on the
opposite ray (the ray reflected about the
origin, which differs from the original ray by
180).
Problem 1
A point P has coordinates (3, 4). Find the polar
coordinates of P.
Solution
1. Find r:
1. Find angle:
1. Write in the form (r, angle):
2 2
3 4 25 5
1
4
tan
3
tan 1.333 53.13
o
U
U


5, 53.13
o
Problem 2
A point Q has a polar coordinate
Find the Cartesian coordinates of Q.
3
8,
4
x
+

' '
Solution
1. Find angle:
1. Find x and y:
1. Write in the form (x, y):
1 2
3
135 or 45
4
o o
rad
T
U U ! ! !
cos45 cos45 8 5.67
8
sin45 sin45 8 5.67
8
o o
o o
x
x
y
y
! p ! v !
! p ! v !

5.67, 5.67 in quadrant II p
1. Find the polar coordinates for the following:
A (5, 8)
B (-2, -6)
C (4, -9)
Exercises
Answer

1
1
1
8
1) 89, tan
5
2) 40,180 tan 3
4
3) 97, 270 tan
9
o
o

+

' '

' '
1. Find the Cartesian coordinate for the
following coordinates:
P
Q
R
4,
3
x
+

' '

3, 330
o
5
6,
4
T
+

' '
Exercises
Answer



1) 4cos 60 , 4sin 60 in quadrant I
2) 6cos 45 , 6sin 45 in quadrant III
3) 3cos30 , 3sin30 in quadrant IV
o o
o o
o o
p
p
p