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A quick presentation to introduce our peers on the techniques, specifications and applications of the DAC
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Table Of Contents
Introduction Types
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INTRODUCTION
The
DAC fundamentally converts finiteprecision numbers (usually fixed-point binary numbers) into a physical quantity, usually an electrical voltage. Normally the output voltage is a linear function of the input number. Usually these numbers are updated at uniform sampling intervals and can be thought of as numbers obtained from a sampling process
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Output is a sequence of piecewise constant values or rectangular pulses, means that there is an inherent effect of the zero-order hold on the effective frequency response of the DAC resulting in a mild roll-off of gain at the higher frequencies
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Types of DACs
Many
types of DACs available. Usually switches, resistors, and op-amps used to implement conversion Three Types:
Resistor String Binary Weighted Resistor R-2R Ladder PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
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Components of a String DAC Resistor String supply discrete voltage levels Selection Switches connect the right voltage level to op-amp according to input bits Op-amp amplifies the discrete voltage levels to desired range, keeps the current low
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Resistor String
Example
VREF = 8V
3 V3 = 8V = 3V 8
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SELECTION SWITCHES
1 0 0 4V
1 1 0 6V
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0 0 0 0V 1 1 1 7V
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Advantages: simple fast for < 8 bits Disadvantages: high element count for higher resolutions, reason:
2n 2n 1
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a summing op-amp circuit Weighted resistors are used to distinguish each bit from the most significant to the least significant Transistors are used to switch between Vref and ground (bit high or low)
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Summing OP-Amps
Inverting
summer circuit used in Binary Weighted Resistor DAC. V(out) is 180 out of phase from V(in)
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Assume Ideal OpAmp No Current into OP-Amp Virtual ground at inverting input
R 2R 4R + 2nR
Rf
Vou t
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Calculation
VOUT =
Vref 2
n
(2 n 1 bn 1 + 2 n 2 bn 2 + ... + 2 b1 + b0
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Example:
n=4
Vout = Vref (2 n 1 bn 1 + 2 n 2 bn 2 + ... + 2b1 + b0 )
Contd
Vout =
Vref 16
Vout =
V fs
Vref
16 = ref RE V S
3 Vref 16
RE = / 2 n 1 S V fs = ref V 2 4 1 35 2 4 =0.9 7
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n = totalbits
Vref
Easy principle/construction Fast conversion Requirement of several different precise input resistor values: Requires large range of resistors (2048:1 for 12-bit DAC) with necessary high precision for low resistors one unique value per binary input bit. (High bit DACs) Larger resistors ~ more error. Precise large resistors expensive.
Disadvantages
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MSB
LSB
=
1 Req = =R 1 1 ( 2R ) + ( 2R)
V1 V0 V0 = R R
V1 = 2 V0
Voltage Divider
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Conversion Equation
For a 4-Bit R-2R Ladder
Vout
1 1 1 1 = Vref b3 + b2 + b1 + b0 4 8 16 2
1 Vout = Vref bn i i 2 i =1
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Only two resistor values Does not need as precision resistors as Binary weighted DACs Cheap and Easy to manufacture
Disadvantages
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SPECIFICATIONS
Resolution Speed Linearity Settling
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RESOLUTION
Defined by the change in output voltage for a change of the LSB. Related to the size of the binary representation of the voltage. (8-bit) Higher resolution results in smaller steps between voltage values
Resolution=
Vref 2
n
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SPEED
Defined
by the rate at which the register value is updated. Also called the conversion rate or sampling rate Speed is limited by the clock speed of the microcontroller and the settling time of the DAC
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LINEARITY
Represents the relationship between digital values and analog outputs Should be related by a single proportionality constant. (constant slope)
Desired Output
Digital Input
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SETTLING TIME
Time in which the DAC output settles at the desired value VLSB . Ideally, an instantaneous change in analog volatage would occur when a new binary word enters into the DAC
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REFERENCE VOLTAGE
Used
to determine how each digital input will be assigned to each voltage division Types:
Non Multiplier DAC: Vref is fixed Multiplier DAC: Vref provided by external source
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ERRORS
Gain Offset Full
scale Non-Monocity
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GAIN ERROR
Analog Output .
Occurs when the slope of the actual output deviates from the ideal output
D ig it a l In p u t
I d e a l O u tp u tP o s itiv e O f f s e t E r rNo e rg a tiv e O f f s e t E r r o r
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OFFSET ERROR
Analog Output .
Occurs when there is a constant offset between the actual output and the ideal output
D ig it a l In p u t
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Analog Output
Occurs when the actual signal has both gain and offset errors
D ig ita l In p u t
Ideal O utput F ull S cale E rror E rror
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Non-Monotonic Error
Occurs when an increase in digital input results in a decrease in the analog output
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Common Applications
Electronic Cruise Control Computer Printers Sound Equipment (e.g. CD/MP3 Players)
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