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What is Computer?

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Definition:


Computer is an electronic machine which accepts data from user and after processing gives us output. It performs two major functions, the Processing and Logical Decision Making.

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What is Data?

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What is Data?


is the Latin plural of datum, "something given". It is raw material used to convert into some useful output. Also, data is a representation of a fact, figure, and idea. data may be numbers, words, images, etc.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

What is Information?

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What is Information?


is an ordered sequence of symbols that record or transmit a message. Collection of data in an organized form which convey a message and make sense.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Features of Computer?
     

Speed Storage Accuracy Reliability Diligence Versatility

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Parts of Computer?

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Four Essential Parts of Computer

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What is Hardware?

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What is Hardware?


The physical components of a computer system. A computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer hardware and these parts are connected with one an other.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

What is Software?

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

What is Software?


Computer software is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Basic Function of a Computer??????

Input
We give our input with the help of input devices

Processing

Output
Computer return our results through output devices.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Input Devices?
        

Keyboard Mouse Scanner Micro Phone Digital Camera Joystick Track Ball Touch Pad Light Pen
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Keyboard??

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Keyboard


   

It is an input device through which we give our data & instructions to computer by pressing its buttons, it has various type of keys. Alphabetical Keys ( A to Z) Numerical Keys (0 to 9) Functional Keys (F1 to F12) Special Functional Keys (Alt, CTRL, Enter, Arrow) etc
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Mouse?

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Mouse:


It is an Input Devices Through which we give our Instructions to computer by clicking its buttons (Left & Right), it also perform the dragging (Dreg & Drop)

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Scanner??

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Scanner:


It is an input Device through which we convert our hard copy document into soft copy document, It means we can insert our printed data into computer with the help of a Scanner.

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Micro Phone

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Micro Phone:


It is an input Device through which we record our sound in computer.

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Digital Camera

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Digital Camera


It is an input device through which we capture our pictures and than insert & edit in computer.

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Track Ball

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Track Ball


It is also an input device which is used on behalf of a mouse and perform same functions of a mouse, but used in Micro computers.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Touch Pad

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Touch Pad


In Portable computers like Laptop Computer we use touch pad on behalf of a mouse, we move our finger on it to move the cursor.

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Light Pen

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Light Pen


It is used to write on the screen, in Touch Screen Monitors we use Light Pen to write some thing on behalf of a Keyboard.

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Joystick

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Joystick


It is a gaming device which we connect with our Computer to play any game, through Joystick we give instructions in playing games, thats why it is also an input device.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Output devices


Through Output devices computer Communicate with its user. The Devices through which we see results, or we get some thing in return of given data.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Output Devices?
  

Monitor Printer Speakers

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Monitor/LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

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Monitor


It is an output device which display results on the screen, it is a soft copy output device shows the activities on screen which a computer is performing.

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Printer

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Printer


It is a hard copy output device which print our data permanently on the paper. We can print any application, letter, CV or any other document on the paper with the help of a printer.

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Speakers

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Speakers


Speakers are also output device because when we play any music file they start producing sound.

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Whats Next??


Its the

PROCESSING

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Processing
Output M.U Input Data Interface bus Instructions decoder Instructions Cache F.P.U
Registers

Data Cache

C.U

A.L.U
Registers

1. A.L.U= Arithmetic & Logical Unit 2. F.P.U= Floating Point Unit 3. C.U= Control Unit 4. M.U Memory Unit Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Types of Computer
  

Analog Digital Hybrid

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Analog Computer


An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Digital Computers


A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Hybrid Computers


Hybrid computers are computers that contain features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Classification of Computers According to their Size


   


Super Computer Mainframe Computer Mini/Server Computers Micro Computers


1. Personal Computer 2. Workstation Computer

 

Portable Computers 1. Laptop 2. Wearable 3. Palmtop OR PDA

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Super Computer

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Super Computer


Supercomputers are very fast in speed & are used for highly calculation tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling, biological macromolecules and research into Nuclear weapons.

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Mainframe Computers

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Mainframe Computer


Mainframe Computers are multi-user & powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for huge data processing. such as census and financial transaction processing. It works continuously and mostly used in Banking sector.

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Mini/Server Computers

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Mini/Server Computers


According to size it is in mid-range between Mainframe Computer and a personal Computer, it is used for web browsing and web hosting. It is also a multi user computer.

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Micro computer

Workstation Computer

Personal computer (PC)


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Personal Computer


A personal computer is any generalpurpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it useful for public. It is used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals for documentation and mailing purpose.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Workstation Computer


workstations had higher performance than desktop computers, especially CPU, graphics and memory. They are used for the processing of complex data such as 3D Animations, engineering purpose and image processing.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Portable Computers


Laptop

PDA/Palmtop

Wearable
Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Laptop Computers


It is a small & portable computer involves the same features of a Personal Computer, but it is not a power hungry so it can be operated on rechargeable batteries. It include a display, a keyboard, a touchpad and speakers into a single unit.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Personal digital Assistant




A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer is a mobile device that is used to record a frequently repetitive data. Like addresses, contacts, meter reading and order booking etc.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Wearable Computer


Wearable computers are digital devices that are worn on the body. This type of wearable technology is used for special purpose to communicate during walking.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Computers Memory



Primary Memory
1. RAM 2. ROM




Secondary Memory
Hard Disc 2.USB 3. CD 4. Floppy

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Primary Memory
 

RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile types of memory where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. It is used to access the data, thats why more memory of RAM increases the speed of Computer.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Primary Memory
 

ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is firm made memory which read the data, devices and programs installed in computer. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Secondary Memory
 

Hard Disc It is computers storage device where we keep our data and programs, it is a non volatile memory which keep our information until we remove it from computer.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Secondary Storage
 

CD (Compact Disc) The Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings, but later expanded to encompass data storage

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

USB (Universal Serial Bus)




USB are also the storages devices but they are small, fast and portable type of flash memory which are used to travel the data from one computer to others.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Floppy Disc


This type of storage devices now a days are out dated, it was also used to store and travel the data, but its storage capacity was not enough like now a days it is available in USB.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Computer Network


Two or more than two computers connected with one an other to communicate and share their resources and information is called a Network.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Classification of Network according to Area


   

LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) GAN (Global Area Network)

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Local Area Network

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Local Area Network (LAN)




Within a room or within a building computers are connected to share the resources & information comes in the category of LAN. Its range is up to 1 kilo meter.

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Metropolitan Area Network

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)




Within a city or up to 10 kilometers computers are connected to share the information comes in the category of MAN. It is a networking to interconnect in a city through network.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Wide Area Network

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Wide Area Network (WAN)




Within a region or Province computers are connected through a cable or wireless to share the information comes in the category of WAN.

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Global Area Network

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Global Area Network (GAN)




A Network of thousands of individual network, or connecting thousands of computers globally for communication purpose to share information, upload, download files worldwide. It is also called Internet.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Types of Network
 

Client Server Network Peer to Peer Network

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Client Server Network?

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Client-Server Network?


The clientserver model of computing is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Peer-to-Peer Network?

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Peer to Peer Network?




Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Network Topology
   

Physical Arrangement of Computers Star Topology Bus Topology Ring Topology

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Types of Software?
   

System Software Application Software Shareware Free ware

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System Software

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System Software


System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. The computer BIOS, which provide basic functionality to operate and control the hardware connected to the computer. Windows, Linux are the examples of System Software
Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Types of System Software?




Operating System: operating system is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer, unless the application program is self booting.
Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Types of System Software?




   

Utility Programs: Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool, E.g.: Virus scanning software Backup software Scandisk Disk defragmenter
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Application Software

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Application Software


an application Software is designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. creating text documents, playing games, listening to music or surfing the web.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Shareware?


The term shareware (also known as trial ware) refers to proprietary software that is provided to users without payment on a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of functionality, availability, or convenience. Shareware is often offered as a download from an Internet website or as a compact disc.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Freeware?


Freeware (from "free" and "software") is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee,1 but usually with one or more restricted usage rights. Freeware is in contrast to commercial software, which is typically sold for profit.

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What is Copy Right?

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Copy Right?


A copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the creator of an original work or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the work.

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Software Piracy?

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Software Piracy?


Software piracy can be defined as "copying and using commercial software purchased by someone else". Software piracy is illegal.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Types of Operating System (O/S)


   

Single User O/S Multi User O/S Multi Processing & Time Sharing O/S Multi Tasking & Multi Processing

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Single User Operating System




A single-user operating system is developed for use on a computer that will only have a single user at any given time. This is the most common type of OS used on a home computer, as well as on computers in offices. MS-DOS Windows 1.0 Windows 2.x
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Multi User OS


It had been designed in such a way that it can be used by two or more people effectively and efficiently. It supports multi users at time to operate the computer.

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Multi Processing


 

the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. Ability to use more than one processor. By allowing a large number of users to interact with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible to promoted the interactive use of computers.
Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

Multi Tasking


Multi tasking : an logical extension of multi programming to perform multiple task at a same time or at different time. It is used when more than one applications/programs/tasks are being run on a single processor.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

What is Computer Language?


 

  

Language is source of Communication so computer languages are used to communicate with computer. A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely. High level Language Middle Level Language Lower Level/Machine Level Language
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Management information System (MIS)?




A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. It is used to manage the information of any organization, it helps top level management in decision making.

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Office Automation System?




It is a computer-based information system that collects, process, store and transmit electronic message, document and other form of communication among individual, work group and organizations. Examples- word processing, electronic mail, telecommunication and document image processing.

Sabheeta Academy of Computer Science & Information Technology, Hingorja

CAD & CAM?




Computer Aided Design: the use of computer for the process of design. CAD describes the process of drafting with a computer. CAD software provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. Computer Aided Manufacturing: the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency.
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Robotics??

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Robotics


Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software. They work in harmful conditions on behalf of a human through Artificial Intelligence.
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Expert System??


An expert system is software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise for problem solving, or to clarify uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted. Expert systems are most common in a specific problem domain, and are a traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence (AI).

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