Wireless Tutorial

Part 4

White Spaces and Beyond

Fanny Mlinarsky
octoScope

Brough Turner
Dialogic

Agenda
10:30 12:00 noon

Our G-enealogy History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Lunch

1:00 2:00

The IEEEs Wireless Ethernet Keeps Going and Growing

Break

2:00 2:45 3:00 3:45

4G Tutorial: Vive la Diffrence? Mobile Broadband - New Applications and New Business Models
Break

4:00 4:45

Tutorial: White Spaces and Beyond

Radio Spectrum Occupancy

Urban areas, 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Above 3 GHz mostly vacant.

As measured by Shared Spectrum Company and the University of Kansas Center for Research for the NSF National Radio Network Research Testbed (NRNRT)

New York City

Unusually heavy communications during Republican National Convention August 30 to September 3, 2004 brought spectrum occupancy up to 13%.

Most spectrum idle most of the time

FCC Regs protect obsolete technology
e.g. TV guard bands are to protect pre-1950 receiver technology. You wouldnt run your business on a 1950s mainframe computer

Rights holders utilizing subset of their rights

Governmental entities sitting on spectrum Partial buildouts; financial or tech problems; market changes; incumbents sitting on spectrum.

Spectrum Myths
Spectrum is scarce 4G is the future of wireless Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum Utilization requires massive investments

History of spectrum regulation

Early radio receivers very primitive
Only understood separation by frequency Difficulty separating the desired signal meant large guard bands were required

Conclusion: spectrum = scarce resource

Radio Act of 1927 creates FRC Communications Act of 1934 creates FCC

Visible light analogy

Visible light, a (small) part of the spectrum Human vision, a really excellent receiver
Eyes plus our (cognitive) visual cortex Works despite (because of) broadband noise sources like the sun, the lights in this room Extremely directional, motion sensitive,

Better receivers better spectrum use

Enormous improvements possible

Spectrum Abundance
Original thinking was wrong
More transmitters, alternate paths, motion all serve to increase capacity
More data receiver has about environment the better it can do at extracting the desired signal

MIMO and beamforming key to 4G

And beyond. Orders of magnitude to go.

4G will be followed by 5G, 6G and so on!

New RF and new networking, e.g. meshes

The Ultimate Metric:

bps per Hertz per acre per watt
3050 mi.

2 3 1 2 4 7 5 3 1 2 4 7 5 6 2 6 1 5

7 2 3 6 4 7 5 3 1

Other myths
Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum
And yet there has been more innovation in WiFi than in all of 2G, 3G, 4G cellular bands OFDM, MIMO WiFi leads, cellular follows

Utilization requires massive investments

E.g. spectrum purchase; network buildout But in license-exempt bands access is free and radios are purchased by individuals

Spectrum policy
Today all spectrum is regulated (by the FCC or NTIA), but
Regulation limits technology deployment Regulation or policy change takes years Incumbents play policy game very well Startups have limited runways Investors dont like regulatory uncertainty FCC in the business of regulating speech

Spectrum vs. printing presses

Supreme Court lenient on regulation of spectrum because spectrum is unusually scarce Prof. Stuart Minor Benjamin, Duke University
The Court has never confronted an allegation that government actions resulted in unused or underused spectrum, ... Government limits on the number of printing presses almost assuredly would be subject to heightened scrutiny and would not survive such scrutiny.

Prospects for Change

Substantial vested interests
Broadcasters, cellular operators, many other existing spectrum owners

Overwhelming success of WiFi, Bluetooth

Commercial successes new interests
Intel, Google, Microsoft, Apple

Rural wireless ISPs

Frequently leverage unlicensed technology Get attention in Congress

Gaining access to spectrum

License-exempt began in junk bands
ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz) Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz

Underlays Low power (below licensees)

Ultra Wideband in 3.110.6 GHz

Shared use with lite-licensing

3650-3700 MHz ; license-exempt based on listenbefore-talk, location & licensed beacon Managed by 802.11y protocols from IEEE

Secondary Use
TV White Spaces
Multi-year battle vs. strong vested interests Favorable FCC decision Nov. 2008 Tight restrictions likely to be eased over time, based on new technology and actual field experience

Prospect for additional bands?

More access at 5 GHz? potentially under 802.11y IMT-Advanced candidate bands (2300-2400, 2700-2900, 34004200, and 4400-5000 MHz) will take years to clear but could be used now under 802.11y

TV Spectrum Availability
6 MHz TV channels 2-69
VHF: 54-72, 76-88, 174-216 MHz UHF: 470-806 MHz

2009 transition from analog to digital TV frees up channels 52-69 due to higher spectral efficiency of digital TV FCC is updating its regulations and has recently allowed the use of cognitive radio for White Spaces, unused TV spectrum WSD = white spaces device

White Space Channel Availability

Approximate White Space UHF channel availability based on full-service post-transition broadcast station allocation

duTreil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc. Sarasota, Florida

Available Channels: 1 or none 3 or fewer 10 or fewer 20 or more 30 or more

White Spaces Radio Technology

The new regulations (FCC Dockets 04-186, 02-380) require the use of cognitive radios to determine whether a channel is available prior to transmitting. Two types of services are targeting TV spectrum:
Fixed services: WRAN (wireless rural area networks), being standardized by IEEE802.22 Mobile services: White Spaces, being advocated by the WIA (www.wirelessinnovationalliance.org) IEEE 802 LAN/MAN committee formed new study group in November, 2008 to investigate white spaces standardization

Detecting Licensed Transmissions

Methods for detecting licensed transmissions:
An internal GPS could be used in conjunction with a database to determine whether the WSD is located far enough away from licensed stations. WSD could receive information from a broadcast station indicating which channels are available. WSD could incorporate sensing capabilities to detect whether licensed transmitters are in its range. If no signals are detected, the device could transmit. If signals are detected, the device would have to search for another channel. -116 dBm for ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, digital TV) -94 dBm for NTSC (National Television System Committee, analog TV) -107 dBm for wireless microphones

Protected devices: TV stations, wireless microphones

FCC sensing thresholds :

Hidden Node Scenario

TV signal attenuated by an obstruction (wall) is undetectable by a WSD. WSD transmits, interfering with TV broadcast, which is received unobstructed by a rooftop antenna.

TV broadcast received by an unobstructed rooftop TV antenna

Beach-front Property?
Lower frequencies experience lower attenuation in free space and through obstructions, e.g. buildings However, when propagating through metal frames in modern buildings, Fresnel zone gets constricted and attenuation is introduced Antenna size also matters optimum length is a multiple of wavelength
3.3 feet for 70 MHz 4 for 700 MHz 1 for 2.4 GHz

Longer antennas required for UHF may be problematic for handheld devices

Antenna Fresnel Zone

Fresnel zone is the shape of electromagnetic signal and is a function of frequency Constricting the Fresnel zone introduces attenuation and signal distortion

r = radius in feet D = distance in miles f = frequency in GHz

Example: D = 0.5 mile r = 30 feet for 700 MHz r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz

Hidden Node an Issue?

Analysis and field testing done by ITU-R, FCC and other organizations demonstrate that even when a WSD is deep inside a building, the signal reaching it is likely to be at most 30 dB lower than the signal at a rooftop antenna. The 802.22 draft sets the detection threshold 30 dB below a tuners lowest receive level and states that an unlicensed device must detect a broadcast within 2 seconds and with probability of >=90%.

Turf Battles to Continue

Broadcasters and traditional wireless operators will continue to oppose TV White Spaces developments The battle lines are drawn and the stakes are high

www.octoscope.com

Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic

brough.turner@dialogic.com Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/ broughturner@gmail.com Skype: brough

Additional Reference Material

Mobile Standard Organizations

 

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Partnership Pro ects and Forums

ITU IMT-2000: http://www.itu.int/home/imt.html Mobile Partnership Projects
3GPP : http://www.3gpp.org 3GPP2 : http://www.3gpp2.org

Mobile marketing alliances and forums

GSM Association: http://www.gsmworld.com/index.shtml UMTS Forum : http://www.umts-forum.org CDMA Development Group: http://www.cdg.org/index.asp Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance: http://www.ngmn.org/ Global Mobile Suppliers Association: http://www.gsacom.com CTIA: http://www.ctia.org/ 3G Americas: http://www.uwcc.org

Mobile Standards Organizations

European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):
http://www.etsi.org

Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):

http://www.tiaonline.org

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (USA) (formerly Committee T1):

http://www.t1.org & http://www.atis.org/

China Communications Standards Association (China):

http://www.cwts.org

The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):

http://www.arib.or.jp/english/index.html

The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):

http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html

The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):

http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm

Other Industry Consortia

OMA, Open Mobile Alliance: http://www.openmobilealliance.org/
Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, Location Interoperability Forum, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village

Lists of wireless organizations compiled by others:

http://www.wipconnector.com/resources.php http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/wtbu/wtbugencontent.tsp?templateId=61 23&contentId=4602 http://www.wlana.org/pdf/wlan_standards_orgs.pdf

Wireless MAN, LAN and PAN Links

WirelessMAN Broadband Access (WiMAX)
IEEE 802.16: http://www.ieee802.org/16/ WiMAX Forum: http://www.wimaxforum.org/home/

Wireless LAN (WiFi)

IEEE 802.11: http://www.ieee802.org/11/ WiFi Alliance: http://www.wi-fi.org/ Wireless LAN Association: http://www.wlana.org/

Wireless WPAN (Bluetooth)

IEEE 802.15: http://www.ieee802.org/15/ Bluetooth SIG: https://www.bluetooth.org/ and http://www.bluetooth.com/

Market & Subscriber Statistics

Free:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Americas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa

http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/index.shtml http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/cdma_world_subscriber.asp http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4

Nominal cost:
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world.html

www.octoscope.com

Brough Turner, Chief Strategy Officer, Dialogic

brough.turner@dialogic.com Blog: http://blogs.nmss.com/communications/ broughturner@gmail.com Skype: brough