Rotational motion

i. Able to define and write equations for the angular quantities in rotational motion. ii. Able to define and analyze rotational motion with constant angular acceleration problems. iii. Able to state and define the formula for torque in terms of the angular acceleration and the moment of inertia. iv. Able to explain the effect of moment of inertia of an object undergoing rotational motion.

Table below shows the symbols used in linear and rotational motion.

Linear motion

Quantity Displacement Initial velocity Final velocity Acceleration Time

Rotational motion

s u v a t

Comparison between linear and rotational motion with constant acceleration.

LINEAR MOTION
a c o n s ta n t
v ! u  at

ROTATIONAL MOTION
E constant
[ ! [o  E t
(U ! [o t  (U ! [ t 1 Et2 2 1 Et2 2

s ! ut 

1 at2 2 1 s ! vt at2 2

v 2 ! u 2  2 as
s ! 1 2

[ 2 ! [o 2  2 E s
(U ! 1 2

 v

 [o

 [

a
a
circular path
r

points towards the centre of the circle

Relation between linear & rotational motion

a) The position : s ! rU where U in radians b) The speed : vt ! r[ where v t : tangential / linear velocity ( in ms-1 ) [ : angular velocity ( in rads-1 ) c) The acceleration : a t ! r E where a t : tangential / linear acceleration ( in ms-2 ) E : angular acceleration ( in rads-2 )

Example 1
A car is travelling with a velocity of 17.0 m s1 on a straight horizontal highway. The wheels of the car has a radius of 48.0 cm. If the car then speeds up with an acceleration of 2.00 m s2 for 5.00 s, calculate a. the number of revolutions of the wheels during this period, b. the angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s. Solution : u ! 17.0 m s , r ! 0.48 m, a ! 2.00 m s a. The initial angular velocity is
1 2

, t ! 5.00 s

u!r 0 17.0 ! 0.48 0 ! 35.4 rad s 1 0

and the angular acceleration of the wheels is given by

a!r 2.00 ! 0.48

4.17 rad s
2

Solution :

u ! 17.0

s 1 , r ! 0.48 , a ! 2.00

s 2 , t ! 5.00 s

a. By applying the equation of rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, thus

therefore

1 2 t 0t  2 1 35.4 5.00  4.17 5.00 2 2 229 rad 1 rev ! 229 rad ! 36.5 rev 2 rad

b. The angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s is

! 0 t ! 35.4  4.17 5.00 1 56.3 rad s

Example 2
The wheels of a bicycle make 30 revolutions as the bicycle reduces its speed uniformly from 50.0 km h-1 to 35.0 km h-1. The wheels have a diameter of 70 cm. a. Calculate the angular acceleration. b. If the bicycle continues to decelerate at this rate, determine the time taken for the bicycle to stop. Solution : 0.70

! 30 v 2 ! 60 rad , r !

0.0 km 0 m u! h km

2 h ! 00 s

! 0.35 m,

. m s ,

35.0 km 10 3 m 1 h ! .7 m s 1 v! 1 km 3600 s 1h

Solution : a. The initial angular speed of the wheels is

0 0 and the final angular speed of the wheels is

! 1 .9 ! 0.
2

! 9. rad s

1

2  .8 ! 39.  60 2.13 rad s 2 b. The car stops thus ! 0 and 0 ! 27.8 Hence ! 0 t

therefore

v!r 9.72 ! 0.35

2 0

! 27.8 ra s 

1

0 ! 27.8   2. 3 t t ! 13.1 s

Example 3
A blade of a ceiling fan has a radius of 0.400 m is rotating about a fixed axis with an initial angular velocity of 0.150 rev s-1. The angular acceleration of the blade is 0.750 rev s-2. Determine a. the angular velocity after 4.00 s, b. the number of revolutions for the blade turns in this time interval, c. the tangential speed of a point on the tip of the blade at time,

t =4.00 s,
d. the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on the tip of the blade at t =4.00 s. Solution : r ! 0.400 m, a. Given t =4.00 s, thus

! 0.150 v 2 ! 0.300 rad s 1 , 0 ! 0.750 v 2 ! 1.50 r d 2

 t

! 0.300   .50 ! 19.8 rad s 1

4.00

Solution : b. The number of revolutions of the blade is

1 2 ! 0t  t 2 1 0.300 T 4.00 1.50T 4.00 2 2 ! 4 .5 r 1 rev ! 1.5 rad ! 6.61 rev rad
c. The tangential speed of a point is given by

v!r v ! 0.400  19.8

v .9 s
1

Solution : d. The magnitude of the resultant acceleration is

a c  at
2 2

a !  r r 7.92 a! 0.400
2 2

 0.400 v 1.50

a 157 m s

Example 4
A coin with a diameter of 2.40 cm is dropped on edge on a horizontal surface. The coin starts out with an initial angular speed of 18 rad s1 and rolls in a straight line without slipping. If the rotation slows down with an angular acceleration of magnitude 1.90 rad s2, calculate the distance travelled by the coin before coming to rest. Solution :
0

18 ra s 1 !  .90

! 0 rad s

1

d! .

s 2

The radius of the coin is

s
r! d
! 1. 0 v 10  m

Solution : The initial speed of the point at the edge the coin is

and the final speed is The linear acceleration of the point at the edge the coin is given by

u ! 1.20 v 10 2  18 u .216 m 1 1 v !0ms

a!r

a 1.2 v 1 2  1.9 a ! 2.28 v 1 2 m 2

Therefore the distance travelled by the coin is 2 2

v ! u  2as
2

0 ! 0.216  2  2.28 v 10 2 s s! . m

A wheel turning with angular speed of 30 rps is brought to rest with constant acceleration. It turns 60 revolutions before it stops. a)What is its angular acceleration? b)What time elapsed before it stops?

TORQUE
The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis is measured by torque, X

X ! I E here I is moment inertia E is angular acceleration

Moment of inertia, I


Figure below shows a rigid body about a fixed axis O with angular velocity [.

m1
mn
n 2

m2

O
3

m3

is defined as the sum of the products of the mass of each particle and the square of its respective distance from the rotation axis axis.

OR

I!

2 m1r1

2 m2 r2

2 m3 r3

2  ...mn rn

m r
i !1

i i

where I : moment

of inertia of a rigid body about rotation axis m : mass of particle r : distance from the particle to the rotation axis

 

It is a scalar quantity quantity. Moment of inertia, I in the rotational kinematics is analogous to the mass, m in linear kinematics. The dimension of the moment of inertia is M L2. The S.I. unit of moment of inertia is kg m2. The factors which affect the moment of inertia, I of a rigid body: a. the mass of the body, b. the shape of the body, c. the position of the rotation axis axis.

  

5. Centripetal /radial acceleration and Centripetal force Consider an object moving in a circular path of radius r at constant speed. y

Here, (v { 0. The direction of v is changing.

v
x

If (v { 0, then a { 0. The net force cannot be zero.

v
The velocity is tangent to its path.

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Conclusion:

to move in a circular path, an object must have a nonzero net force acting on it.

From Newtons Second Law, 7F = ma, where Fnet acting on the system in uniform circular motion is given by:

Fc = mac
Centripetal force Centripetal/ radial acceleration

For an object moving in uniform circular motion, the acceleration is radially inward,and in the same direction as the centripetal force.
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The magnitude of the radial acceleration is:

v2 ar ! ! r[ 2 ! [v r
For motion with uniform circular motion, the kinematic equations:

Linear

Angular

s ! ut
where

U ! [0 t
E ! 0 rad / s
2

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An object travels with uniform circular motion at an orbital speed of 3.0 m/s and radius of 1.5 m. The object then experiences a force for 2.0 s resulting in an angular acceleration of 0.40 rad/s2. The object remains in the same circular orbit. Calculate a) the acceleration of the object before it experiences the force b) the angular speed of the object after the 2 s interval c) the angular displacement undergone by the object after the 2 s interval d) the acceleration of the object after the 2 s interval