Transmission Principles

Fig. 1 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 3)

GSM Network Structure

GSM Network Structure: Concept

PLMN
Mobile terminal device

Um
Air Interface

Public Land Mobile Network

Fixed network
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network

BSS
Base Station Subsystem

NSS
BSS MS
Mobile Station
Base Station Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network

control/switching of mobile services

BSS
Base Station Subsystem

PDN
Public Data Network

Mobile components

Fixed network components

Fig. 2 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 5)

Mobile Components

MS = ME + SIM

SIM
Subscriber Identification Module

SIM card: the heart of MS Different equipments, one SIM (one bill)
Security: PIN (exception: emergency call) Chip with subscriber identification, security algorithms, personal phone book,...

Fig. 3 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 7)

Full coverage over extended areas

The Cellular Network

1979 in the USA: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) 1981 in Scandinavia: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 1985 in Germany: C-450 (Siemens) 1985 in Great Britain: TACS (Total Access Communications System)
Fig. 4 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 9)

Roaming, Location Update & Handover

MS

BS

Handover BS

Location Update:
Location Area: most precise location information stored in the network Location Registration: initial registration Location Update: update of registration
Fig. 5 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 11)

Transmission Principles
UL DL

Duplex transmission
FDD TDD

FDMA

Multiple Access
TDMA CDMA

Duplex Transmission & Multiple Access

Fig. 6 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 13)

FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
Duplex distance

Uplink UL

Downlink DL

UL / DL
separated by

frequency !

Base Station BS

Mobile Station MS

frequency f T

TDD
Time Division Duplex

MS

transmit

receive

transmit

receive

Same frequency

UL BS
receive

DL
transmit

UL
receive

DL
transmit

UL / DL
separated by

time!
time t

Fig. 7 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 15)

Co-ordination of limited frequency resources for different subscribers

Multiplex Access

FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access

CDMA TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access

Fig. 8 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 17)

power P time t

power

FDMA

P time t

TDMA

TS 3 TS 2 TS 1 1 2 3

power P time t

Multiple Access methods

CDMA
Multiple method FDMA TDMA CDMA BS & MS share knowledge about Frequency Time PN code

3 2 1

frequency f

Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 19)

frequency f

frequency f

FDMA in GSM
GSM900 / 1800 Frequency Allocation
(880) 890 MHz 1710 MHz 915 MHz 1785 MHz (925) 935 MHz 1805 MHz 960 MHz 1880 MHz GSM900 GSM1800

UPLINK (UL)
Transmit band of the Mobile Station

DOWNLINK (DL)
Transmit band of the Base Station

Duplex distance 45 MHz resp. 95 MHz 25 (35) MHz 75 MHz

25 (35) MHz 75 MHz

Guard band
C C C 1 2 3 C 124 (174) 374 C C C 1' 2' 3' C 124' (174') 374'

200 kHz

C - Radio Frequency Channel (RFC)

Fig. 10 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 21)

GSM:
combined FDMA/TDMA
1TS = 577 ss 1TS = 577 1 TDMA frame = 1 TDMA frame = 8 TS = 4.615 ms 8 TS = 4.615 ms

FDMA

TDMA frame 1

0 7 5 4 3 0 200 kHz 1 2 time 6

frequency
Fig. 11 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 23)

Transmission Principles
A/D conversion
0011

speech band 1
1011

Multiplexer

band 3

speech band 2 common line

1100

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation

speech band 3

GSM - Fixed Network Transmission

Fig. 12 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 25)

Generation of a PCM Signal

signal 1 1. Band limitation (300-3400 Hz) 2. Sampling (8000 Hz) 3. 8-bit coding

time slot

transmission of the coded sample value of signal 1

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

coded sample value

signal 2
Fig. 13 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 27)

PCM30: TDMA Principle

time slot

telephone channels 1 - 15 frame alignment/ service word channel PCM30

telephone channels 17 - 31 signaling channel

PCM30

pulse frame

pulse frame

pulse frame
Fig. 14 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 29)

Transmission Principles Advantage:

mobility

Single cell systems

Limits:
cell

Cellular mobile communication systems

1st generation national 2nd generation incl. satellite roaming GSM (Ph1/2) (GSM Ph2+) GSM service area unlimited

GSM Air Interface

Fig. 15 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 31)

The Air Interface Um:

Problems of radio transmission and possible solutions
Construction of mobile communication network cheaper than terrestrial network GSM900 / E-GSM: 124 / 174 frequency bands GSM1800: 374 frequency bands increasing subscriber numbers, data transmission Resource optimization / protection !!!

Cost Aspect:

Capacity:

Data Transmission Rate:

GSM Ph1/2: 9.6 kbit/s Ph2+: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE > 100 kbit/s Eavesdropping easy! GSM offers encryption

Security Aspect:

Health Aspect:

H2O resonance frequency (2.45 GHz) Thermal load Pmx = 2 / 1 W (GSM900/1800) a

Fig. 16 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 33)

Radio Transmission: Physical Disturbances

Screening Multipath propagation Distance MS-BS MS speed External system interference signal attenuation (Power Control PC) interference (PC, f-hopping, diversity, regeneration) power loss (f-dep.); delay (PC, TA, cell size) Doppler effect (corrections) quality loss (PC, f-hopping, regeneration)

transmitted signal

received signals

signal to antenna

Digital systems offer many error recognition and correction mechanisms

( redundancy)

Mobility

Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 35)

Frequency Resources: Expansion / Optimized Utilization

Extension of frequency range:
2 x 25 MHz

GSM900:

2 x 35 MHz

E-GSM:

GSM1800

2 x 75 MHz

Speech compression:

Digital speech information FR:

13 kbit/s
Full Rate speech

Fixed network: 64 kbit/s

HR:
5.6 kbit/s
Half Rate speech

Cell size reduction:

(Radius reduction and sectorization)

35 / 8 km omnicell

500 m

180 / 120 sector cell

OACSU (Off Air Call Set Up) Time Balance / Tariffs DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) / VAD (Voice Activity Detection)
Fig. 18 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 37)

Advantages of Digital Information Transmission

Network capacity speech compression Service offer signaling Cost aspect manufacture, operation, maintenance Miniaturization microelectronics Security aspect easily coded Transmission quality regenerability Code sequence

Input data (plain text)

ENCRYPTION MODULE

Output data (coded text)

Fig. 19 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 39)

Quality of Digital & Analog Signal Transmission

S/N signal quality

distance to transmitter analog signal digital signal

Fig. 20 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 41)

Reliable Transmission via Um:

Channel Coding

Um
Addition of:

parity and filler bits

Convolutional coding
redundancy

Interleaving
temporal spreading

De-interleaving

Convolutional decoding

Parity check

transmission side

reception side
Fig. 21 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 43)

Speech Coding: FR, HR, EFR

Speech coding models of speech and hearing
Removal of redundant information (periodic) Transmission of central speech information Reduction of speech information: 64 kbit/s 13 / 5.6 kbit/s (net data rate)

Gross data rate via Um: 22.8 kbit/s

Full Rate (FR) Codec

GSM Ph1;

13 kbit/s Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Codec

GSM Ph2+;

Redundancy (channel coding) 9.8 kbit/s Redundancy (channel coding) 10.6 kbit/s

12.2 kbit/s Half Rate (HR)

Codec; GSM Ph2;

5.6 kbit/s

Redundancy 5.8 kbit/s

HR & EFR:
improved, acoustically optimized speech coding

Gross data rate via Um: 11.4 kbit/s

HR, FR almost the same quality

Fig. 22 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 45)