Torsion

introduction
A moment acting about a longitudinal axis of the member is called a torque, twisting moment or torsional moment, T. Torsion may arise as the result of: (a)Primary or equilibrium torsion: occurs when the external load has no alternative to being resisted but by torsion. Examples: curved girders and the three structures shown in Figure.

introduction
secondary or compatibility torsion: in statically indeterminate structures from the requirements of continuity. Neglecting this torsion will not cause problems because: (1) the shear and moment capacities of the beam are not reduced by small amounts of torque, and (2) the stressing of adjacent members as the beam twists permit a redistribution of forces to these members and reduces the torque that must be supported by the beam.

Examples of torsion
1. Floor systems: compatibility torque (perimeter beams supporting one or two way slab systems). 2. Floor system: equilibrium torque (circular beams). 3. Circular tie beams in mosques.

Analyze the shown structure

BM slab

BM diagrams

Axial force

Mx

My

Torsion diagram

Shearing stresses due to torsion in un-cracked members

Torsion subject is usually neglected in teaching courses of strength of materials. The average designer does not worry about torsion although most structures are subjected to torsional stresses. However, reducing the factor of safety over the past years resulted in increasing situations were torsional failures occur with the result that torsion is a more common problem. The following is an introduction to the elastic torsion theory as given in mechanics of materials books.

Behavior of Circular Sections

Although circular sections are rarely a consideration in normal concrete construction, a brief discussion serves as a good introduction to the torsional behavior of other types of sections. The basic assumptions are: 1. Plane sections perpendicular to the axis of a circular member remains plane after torque is applied. 2. Radii of section stay straight (without warping). As a result of applying the torsion shearing stresses are set up on cross sections perpendicular to the axis of the bar as shown in Fig.

Behavior of Circular Sections

Shear stress is equal to shear strain times the shear modulus in the elastic range. If r is the radius of the element, J = r4 /2 its polar moment of inertia, and mx is the a maximum elastic shearing stress due to elastic twisting moment T, then from basic strength (mechanics) of material courses
T r max = J

Such sections do not fall under the assumptions stated before. They warp when a torque is applied and radii don't stay straight. As a result axial as well as circumferential shearing stresses are generated. For a rectangular member, the corner elements do not distort at all ( corners =0) and the maximum shear stresses occur at the midpoints of the long sides as shown in Figure. These complications plus the fact that reinforced concrete sections are neither homogeneous nor isotropic make it difficult to develop exact mathematical formulations based on the physical models.

Behavior of rectangular sections

Behavior of rectangular sections

From the mathematical theory of elasticity the magnitude of the maximum shear stress , at midpoint of the long side, due to a torque T as a function of the ratio y to x (long to short sides) is given by T max = 2 x y Where varies from 0.208 for y/x=1 (square bar) to 0.333 for y/x= (infinity wide plate)

Hollow members
Consider a thinwall tube subjected to a torsion T as shown in Fig. 8.5. If the thickness of the tube is not constant and varies along the perimeters of the tube, then equilibrium of an element like that =V t dx = t dx Vshown in Figure b requires: t = t = q
AB CD 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

Where q is referred to as the shear flow and is constant.

Hollow members
In order to relate the shear flow q to the torque T, consider an element of length ds as shown. This element is subjected to a force qds and

of the shaded

T = P rqdx

but rds = twice the area triangle, then

q T where A is the area T = 2q A o = = enclosed by the middle of the wall of 2A tube. From the above equation the t occurs t o
o mx a

where t is the least.

Examples
Read example 7.1 in textbook Example 2: compute the shear stress, , at the wall and at the lower flange in the section shown below, due to an applied torque of 1000kN.m.

Principal stresses due to torsion

Principal tensile stresses eventually cause cracking that spirals around the body, as Shown by the line A-B-C-D-E In reinforced concrete such a crack would Cause failure unless it was crossed by reinforcement. This generally takes the form of longitudinal bars in the corners and closed stirrups.

Principal stresses due to torsion and shear

The two shear stresses components add on one side face (front side) and counteract each other on the other. As the result inclined cracking starts on AB and extends across the flexural tensile face. If bending moments are large, the cracks will extend almost vertically across the back face. The flexural compression zone near the bottom prevents the cracks from extending full height.

Behavior of RC members subjected to torsion

When a concrete member is loaded in pure torsion, shear stresses develop. One or more cracks (inclined) develop when the maximum principal tensile stress reaches the tensile strength of concrete. The onset of cracking causes failure of an unreinforced Member. Furthermore the addition of longitudinal steel without stirrups has little effect on the strength of a beam loaded in pure torsion because it is effective only in resisting the longitudinal component of the diagonal tension forces. A rectangular beam with longitudinal bars in the corners and closed stirrups can resist increased load after cracking as shown in figure.

Behavior of RC members subjected to torsion

After the cracking of a reinforced beam, failure may occur in several ways. The stirrups, or longitudinal reinforcement, or both, may yield, or, for beams that are over-reinforced in torsion, the concrete between the inclined cracks may be crushed by the principal compression stresses prior to yield of the steel. The more ductile behavior results when both reinforcem ents yield prior to crushing of the concrete. Figure shows that ultimate strength of rc beams were the same for solid and hollow beams having the same reinforcement.

Combined torsion, moment and shear

Test results for beams without stirrups loaded with various ratios of torsion and shear are plotted in figure. The lower envelope of data is given as:

Where Vcu =inclined cracking shear in the absence of torque. Tcu = the cracking torque in the absence of shear.

Tc 2 V c 2 ( ) +( ) =1 T cu V cu

Space Truss Analogy Theory

Assumptions: 1. Both solid and hollow members are considered as tubes. 2. After cracking the tube is idealized as a hollow truss consisting of closed stirrups, longitudinal bars in the corners, and compression diagonals approximately centered on the stirrups. The diagonals are idealized as being between the cracks that are at angle , generally taken as 45 degrees for RC.

The cracking pure

q T = = torsion t 2Aot

Knowing that the principal tensile stress equal to the shear stress for elements subjected to pure shear, thus the concrete will crack when the shear stress equal to the tensile capacity of cross section. If we use conservatively 0.333fc as tensile strength of concrete in biaxial tension-compression, and remembering that Ao must be some fraction of the area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the full concrete cross section Acp . Also, the value of t can, in general, be approximated as a fraction of the ratio Acp /Pcp , where Pcp is the perimeter of the cross section. Then, assuming a value of Ao approximately equal to 2 Acp /3, and a value of t=3 Acp /4Pcp . Using these values in Eq. above yields: Note: tensile strength under biaxial

f c A 2cp T cr = on And tension is less than in uniaxial tension (0.67).pcp 3

compressi

The cracking

Tc 2 V c 2 ( torsion ) + (V ) = 1 T cu cu
Vc 0.25T cr 2 ( ) = 1 (was deemed= 0.97 ) to be This V cu T cr
The threshold torsion below

In combined shear and torsion, if T=0.25Tcr , the reduction in the inclined cracking shear is:

negligible.

which torsion can be ignored in a solid cross section is: For isolated beam, A is the f c A 2cp area enclosed by the perimeter of the section including the area of any holes. P is the T cr = perimeter of the section. For a beam cast monolithically with 12 pcp
c p c p

the floor slab, ACI 11.5.1

defines the overhanging flange width to be included in the calculation of Acp and Pcp as shown

The cracking torsion

Note: a lower limit (one fourth of derived) is placed for finding Tcr in the previous equation for conservative purposes to deal with equilibrium torsion. The derived value is permitted according to ACI code for compatibility torsion.

Thin-walled hollow sections

The interaction diagram between shear and torsion approaches a straight line as Ag /Acp decreases. Where Ag is the area of concrete only in a cross section and Acp is the total area enclosed by the perimeter. As a result, a value of T=0.25Tcr would reduce the inclined cracking shear to 0.75Vcr . So the ACI code replaces Acp in the previous equation of Tth for solid section with Ag , so

f c A 2g T cr = 12 pcp

Area of stirrups for torsion

R einforced concrete beams subjected to torsion will have a decrease in torsional strength after concrete cracks to about half of that of the uncracked member, the remainder being now resisted by the reinforcement. As the section approaches the ultimate load, the concrete outside the stirrups cracks and begins to spall off. Thus, the area enclosed by the dimensions xo and yo is now the one that resists torsion. The xo and yo dimensions as shown in Figure a are measured to the centerline of the outermost closed transverse reinforcement and hence the gross area Aoh = xo yo and the shear perimeter ph = 2(xo + yo).

Referring to Figure b, the torsional resistance can be represented as the sum of the contributions of the shears in each of the four walls of the equivalent hollow tube.

Following a procedure similar to that used for shear, the quilibrium of a section of the vertical wall with one edge parallel to a torsional crack with angle can be evaluated using the shown Figure as:

T n = T i = V y (x o /2) + V x ( y o /2)

V 2 =A t f

yt

n=

Atf s

yt

yo

cot

Area of stirrups for torsion

Where: At = area of one stirrup leg of a closed stirrup. = yield fspacing.strength of transverse reinforcement yt s = stirrup Combining previous two equations gives:

It has been found experimentally that, after cracking, the effective area n enclosed by the shear flow path is somewhat less than the value of xo yo =Aoh , instead ACI recommends using 0.85 Aoh with Ao substituted for Aoh . The value may be taken between 30-60 degrees. ACI 11.5.3.6 suggests that may be taken as 45 degrees, because this corresponds to the angle assumed in the derivation of the equation for designing stirrups for shear.

T =

2Atf

yv

xo yo

cot

Torsional longitudinal reinforcement

he longitudinal reinforcement must be proportioned to A t f yt y o cot 2 N 2 =V 2 cot = s esist the 4longitudinal tension forces that hoccur in the A t f yt A t f yt p 2 2(x o + y o ) cot = cot 2 = A l f y N truss.i = = N space s s i =1 A t f yt p h = cot 2 Al sf y
l

T p A t f yt p h or A l = cot 2 = n h cot 2Ao At f yt cot / s s f y 2Ao f y Tn Tu Tu / p h Ao = 0.85Aoh ,T n = Al = cot 1.7 Aoh f y

Combined shear and torsion

T he previous derivations for stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement in space truss analogy assumed all the torsion was carried by the reinforcement without any torsion carried by the concrete. When shear and torsion act together, the 1995 and subsequent ACI codes assume that:

V n = V c + Vs

Tn = T s

Maximum shear and torsion

A serviceability failure may occur if the inclined cracks are too wide at service loads. The limit on combined shear and torsion in ACI 11.5.3.1 was derived to limit the service-load crack widths. For a hollow section as shown in Figure the two stresses add at A and yield: For a member with a soild section, experimental results shows that above equation is overconservative, a better representation is given u u h by: u 2 w oh The combined shear stress due to shear force and torsional moment is limited to the same criterion for shear capacity as explained in Chapter 6.

V T p v = + b d 1.7A

vu = (

Vu 2 T ph ) + ( u 2 )2 bw d 1.7 A oh

Combined moment and torsion

As shown in figure below: in the tension zone tensile forces add together contrary to compression zone. ACI 11.5.3.9 allows the area in compression zone to be reduced by an amount equal to M u /0.9dfy

Design Procedure for Combined Shear, Torsion and Moment

Step 1. Calculate the factored bending moment diagram or envelope for the member. Step 2. Select b, d, h and As based on Mu. Note: shallower widebeam sections are preferable to deep and narrow sections for problems involving torsion. Step 3. Given b and h, draw final Mu , Vu and Tu diagrams or envelopes. Calculate the reinforcement required for flexure. Step 4. for a solid section if

f c A 2cp cp in the previous Where =0.75, neglect torsion. Note: replaces A Tu equation with Ag for thin walled sections. p 12 cp

Design Procedure for Combined Shear, Torsion and Moment

Step 5: If the torsion is compatibility torsion, the maximum factored torque may be reduced to At sections f c A 2cp d from the Tu faces of the supports (the moments and 3 p the other shears incp members must be adjusted accordingly). Equilibrium torsion cannot be adjusted. Step 6: Check shear stresses in the section under combined torsion and shear, for solid section if: increase dimensions. The critical section for shear and torsion is located a distance d from the face of the Vu 2 Tu p h 2 Vc 2 support. ( ) +( ) > ( + f )

bw d

1.7A 2oh

bw d

Design Procedure for Combined Shear, Torsion and Moment

For hollow sections

Vu Tu p h Vc 2 + > ( + fc) 2 bw d 1.7A oh bw d 3

If the wall thickness varies, the equation is evaluated at the location where the left-hand side is the greatest. If a hollow section has a wall thickness, t, less than Aoh /ph , ACI 11.5.3.3 requires that the actual wall thickness be used. Thus the second term in the above equation becomes Tu /(1.7Aoh t) Steps 7-9. Calculate the required transverse reinforcement for torsion and shear: Compute Vs = Vu / - Vc; then calc. Av/s=Vs/fyt d where fyt 4,20MPa. If increase the size of the cross section.

2 V s> f cb wd 3

Design Procedure for Combined Shear, Torsion and Moment

Find:

At = T n s 2 Ao f

yt

Then combine shear and torsional transverse reinforcement for a typical two-leg stirrup as:

Av +t Av At = +2 Check minimum transverse reinforcement requirements: s s s

A v required spacing s/ closed stirrups s, ) Solve for the+ 2A t 0.062 f c b wof f yt ,or (0.35b w s/ f ytand compare it with ph/8 or 30cm maximum spacing for torsion (ACI 11.5.6.1) and d/2 or d/4 maximum spacing for shear.

Design Procedure for Combined Shear Step 10: Compute longitudinal area of steel using the larger of:
A t f yt p h cot 2 Al = sf y
At At 0.175bw f yt Satisfy the 5 f c Acp spacing (should not exceed 30cm), and bar size requirements (the ph , A l ,min = of longitudinal bar may not be less than s/24 or 10mm). Torsion diameter s s 12f y f y f yt reinforcement must be symmetrically distributed around all cross section and that part which needs to be placed where As is needed must be added to As found in step 1. Torsion reinforcement must be extended at least a distance d+bt beyond the section where

Tu

f c A 2cp 12 pcp

Additional remarks
1. Fy 420MPa to limit crack widths ACI 11.5.3.4 2. The transverse stirrup used for torsional reinforcement must be of a closed form. The concrete outside the reinforcing cage is not well anchored, and the shaded region will spall off if the compression in the outer shell is large as shown in figure:

Additional remarks
Thus ACI 11.5.4.2 (a) requires that stirrups or ties must be anchored with a 135o hooks around longitudinal bars if the corner can spall. ACI 11.5.4.2 (b) allows the use of a 90 degrees standard hook if the concrete surrounding the anchorage is restrained against spalling by a flange or a slab.

Additional remarks
. If flanges are included in the computation of torsional strength for T and L-shaped beams, closed torsional stirrups must be provided in the flanges as shown in Figure.

Example 7.2
A cantilever beam 1.35m long supports its own dead load plus a concentrated load located 0.15m from the end of the beam and 0.15m away from the centroidal axis of the beam as shown. The beam supports its own dead load plus an unfactored concentrated load which is 90kN dead load and 90kN live load. Design reinforcement for flexure, shear, and torsion. Use fy = 420MPa for all steel and fc = 21MPa.

Example 7.3
Redesign the beam in the previous example using a hollow cross section. Try the section shown in figure below.

Example 7.4
The one-way joist system shown in figure supports A 16kN/m total factored load applied directly to beam AB including beam own weight. The factored load on the slab is 15kN/m2. Design the end span AB of the exterior spandrel beam on grid line 1. Use fy = 420MPa for all steel and fc = 28MPa.

Homework 1
1. A cantilever beam 2.4m long and 450mm wide supports its own dead load plus a concentrated load located 150mm from the end of the beam and 115mm away from the vertical axis of the beam. The concentrated load is 67kN dead load and 90kN live load. Design reinforcement for flexure, shear, and torsion. Use fy = 420MPa for all steel and fc = 26MPa. 2. Given the floor system shown in Fig. P7-3. fc =315MPa, fy = 420MPa for the longitudinal steel and fy = 280MPa for the transverse steel : a) Design the spandrel beam between columns A1 and B1 for bending, shear, and torsion. Check all of the appropriate ACI Code requirements for strength, minimum reinforcement area, and reinforcement spacing are satisfied.

(b) Design the spandrel beam between columns A1 and A2 for bending, shear, and torsion. Check that all of the appropriate ACI Code requirements for strength, minimum reinforcement area, and reinforcement spacing are satisfied.