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Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Vasculature
Figure 14.8
Figure 14.15
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Capillaries
Allow exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues Overall large surface area and low blood flow Two main types: - continuous capillaries: narrow space between cells permeable to small or lipid soluble molecules - fenestrated capillaries: large pores between cells large molecules can pass
Presence of precapillary sphincters on the arteriole and beginning of capillaries Metarteriole: no sphincter continuous blood flow controls the amount of blood going to neighboring vessels
Small molecules and lipid soluble molecules move by diffusion through the cell membrane Larger molecules, charged molecules must pass through membrane channels, exocytosis or in between 2 cells Water movement is controlled by the capillary hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic (IFHP) and osmotic pressures (IFOP) remain overall identical
Causes of edema
Increased hydrostatic blood pressure
- heart failure (left or right), - excess fluid in the blood
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Veins
Veins are blood volume reservoir Due to thinness of vessel wall less resistance to stretch = more compliance
3- Blood volume
4- Venomotor tone
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Lymphatic circulation
Driven by factors similar to venous circulation: - muscle activity - valves - respiration Lymph = plasma-proteins Lymphatic circulation collects fluid not reabsorbed by the capillaries Lymph is filtered in nodes before return to blood circulation
Outline
1- Physical laws governing blood flow and blood pressure 2- Overview of vasculature 3- Arteries 4. Capillaries and venules 5. Veins 6. Lymphatic circulation 7. Mean arterial pressure and its regulation 8. Other cardiovascular regulatory processes
Locally secreted chemicals can promote vasoconstriction or most commonly vasodilation - inflammatory chemicals,
(nitric oxide, CO2)
Neural control of BP - 1
Baroreceptors: carotid and aortic sinuses sense the blood pressure in the aortic arch and internal carotid send signal to the vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata Other information are sent from the hypothalamus, cortex
Neural control of BP - 2
The vasomotor center integrates all these information The vasomotor sends decision to the ANS center: - Both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervate the S/A node can accelerate or slow down the heart rate - The sympathetic NS innervates the myocardium and the smooth muscle of the arteries and veins promotes vasoconstriction
Hormonal control of BP
Hormones can control blood vessel radius and blood volume, stroke volume and heart rate On a normal basis, blood vessel radius and blood volume are the main factors If there is a critical loss of pressure, then the effects on HR and SV will be noticeable (due to epinephrine kicking in) Control of blood vessel radius - Epinephrine - Angiotensin II - Vasopressin (?)
Angiotensin II promotes
vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II secretion: Decreased flow of filtrate in kidney tubule is sensed by the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (a small organ located in the tubule) secretion of renin Renin activates angiotensinogen, a protein synthesized by the liver and circulating in the blood angiotensin I Angiotensin I is activated by a lung enzyme, AngiotensinActivating Enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstricted of blood vessel smooth muscles