Organizational Behavior By : Anubha

INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES 1: PERSONALITY Meaning; person situation debate; psychological contracts; ability and aptitude Differences in personality; Heredity, learning, culture as determinants Personality traits and dimensions: Approaches to understanding the traits Psychological solving behaviours Personality traits
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Personality

How to define Personality

Difficult task? Based on Individual influences How we behave is based on Who we are? And Situational influence In which we operate Abilities , Skills

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Personality
The unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and emotions shown by individual. Eg Optimistic, confident, friendly. Ajim Premji 2000.. Powerful man of the world, pleasant personality, down to earth, integrity, excellence.
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Personality

A persons general style of interacting with the world People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place

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Characteristics
When we speak of personality we are referring to each individual unique blend of traits that is relatively stable over a period of time.

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Personality
Definition
Sum total of all typical ways of acting, feeling, and thinking that makes a person different from all others

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WHAT WHAT

Personality word is derived from the Latin Personality word is derived from the Latin word persona which means to speak through. word persona which means to speak through. Fred Luthan says Personality mean how a Fred Luthan says Personality mean how a person affects other and how he understands person affects other and how he understands and views himself as well as the other pattern and views himself as well as the other pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction. person-situation interaction. Personality represent the whole person, Personality represent the whole person, includes perception, learning, motivation. includes perception, learning, motivation.

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Determinants Determinants
Biological Factors :: Biological Factors -Heredity from ancestor to descendant -Heredity from ancestor to descendant -Brain Right brain and left brain imapct on -Brain Right brain and left brain imapct on individual individual -Physical feature External appearance -Physical feature External appearance
Family and Social Factors :: Family and Social Factors Influenced by his family and social group Influenced by his family and social group Situational factor :: Situational factor Personality may often change in different situation Personality may often change in different situation Other factors :: Other factors Interest Having various and different taste makes Interest Having various and different taste makes personality personality Character Primarily means honesty. Esstential to study Character Primarily means honesty. Esstential to study both situation and individual for analysing behaviour. both situation and individual for analysing behaviour. 2-10

Development Development

1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY) 1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY) 2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC (( ERIKSON 2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ERIKSON THEORY) THEORY) 3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY (( MATURITY 3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY MATURITY THEORY) THEORY)

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Psychoanalytic Theory
Freuds theory and views
Original interest in conversion disorder Three levels of consciousness Mind is iceberg; conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind are levels Repression (Domination) pushes thoughts into unconscious

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Conscious Contact with outside world Preconscious Material just beneath surface of awareness Unconscious Well below surface of awareness; difficult to retrieve

Ego Reality principle Secondary process thinking

Superego Moral imperatives Ideals

Id Pleasure principle Primary process thinking

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Freud: Personality has 3 parts

Primary process thinking Libido

Life and death instincts

Reality principle

Ego Ideal

Id
Sexual, aggressive urges Pleasure principle

Ego

Superego
The conscience

The selfish beast

The executive

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1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY) 1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY)

This theory is based on notion that man is motivated by This theory is based on notion that man is motivated by
It has 3 aspect ::ID (pleasure principle), EGO (reality It has 3 aspect ID (pleasure principle), EGO (reality principle), SUPER EGO (societal and personal norm) principle), SUPER EGO (societal and personal norm) There are 4 universal stages of psycho sexual There are 4 universal stages of psycho sexual development which are decisive in the formation of development which are decisive in the formation of personality personality ORAL (first year of life), ORAL (first year of life),

an unseen forces that by conscious and rational thought. an unseen forces that by conscious and rational thought.

ANAL (second to third year focus on libidinal energy shift ANAL (second to third year focus on libidinal energy shift from mouth to anal region), from mouth to anal region), PHALLIC (focus on sexual gratification shifts to another PHALLIC (focus on sexual gratification shifts to another erogenous body zone) and erogenous body zone) and GENITAL (adult hood, interest in the opposite sex) GENITAL (adult hood, interest in the opposite sex)

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2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ((ERIKSON THEORY) 2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ERIKSON THEORY) Erikson criticized on the sexual and biological Erikson criticized on the sexual and biological factors in the developing personality given by factors in the developing personality given by freud. freud. He emphasized more on social factor and gave 8 He emphasized more on social factor and gave 8 stages stages
Infancy 1stst yrs --trust vs mistrust Infancy 1 yrs trust vs mistrust Early childhood 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy

Early childhood 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy Play Age 4-6 yrs creative & imaginative abilities Play Age 4-6 yrs creative & imaginative abilities dev dev School Age 6-12 yrs may learn new skills // School Age 6-12 yrs may learn new skills inferiority inferiority Adolescence sense of identity Adolescence sense of identity Young Adulthood 20s intimacy vs isolation Young Adulthood 20s intimacy vs isolation Adult hood crises of generatively vs self Adult hood crises of generatively vs self absorption absorption Mature hood sense of wisdom Mature hood sense of wisdom 2-16

3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY ((MATURITY THEORY) 3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY MATURITY THEORY)

Personality of an individual develops along a Personality of an individual develops along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult. Based upon latent maturity as an adult. Based upon latent characteristics characteristics Identified 7 characteristics Identified 7 characteristics Passive Active Passive Active Dependence Independence Dependence Independence Free way of behaving Diverse behaviour Free way of behaving Diverse behaviour Shallow Interest Deep Interest Shallow Interest Deep Interest Short perspective Long perspective Short perspective Long perspective Subordinate position Superordinate position Subordinate position Superordinate position Lack of self awareness Seld awareness Lack of self awareness Seld awareness

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Personality
Trait theories
Five-factor model of personality traits Five dimensions measured in personality tests
Neuroticism (anxious, worrisome) Extraversion (outgoing, social) Openness (creative, daring) Agreeableness (selfless, forgiving) Conscientiousness (reliable, hardworking)
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5 dimension of personality
Extraversion A tendency to seek simulation and to enjoy the company of other people energetic, enthu, sociable, talkative at one end and sober, reserved, silent, cautious on other Agreeableness Tendency to be compassionate (sympatric, feeling) towards others. Good natured, cooperative, trusting, helpful on one end and irritable, suspicious, and uncooperative on other end.

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 Conscientiousness A tendency to show self discipline, hard working to strive for competencies and achievement. This dimension ranges from well organized, careful, self disciplined, responsible and precise at one end and disorganized, impulsive, careless and undependable at other end.
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 Neuroticism A tendency to experience unpleasant emotion easily. Poised, calm, composed at one end to anxious, high strung at other end. Openness to experience - A tendency to enjoy new experience and new ideas. Imaginative, witty having broad intt at one end and down to earth, simple, narrow intt at other end

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Intelligence 3 types
1-Cognitive The ability to understand completes ideas to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various form of reasoning and to overcome obstacle with careful thought. Verbal Comprehension, reasoning, word fluency, numerical ability, space visualization, symbolic reasoning statistician, architect etc ** Making sense out of common sense
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 2 Practical Intelligence Adeptness at solving practical problems of every day life. Knowledge about how to get the things done. Action oriented Involves Knowing HOW and opposed to knowing THAT.. Athlete can perform well but not able to put in words Allows individual to achieve goals they personally value Acquired without direct help from others 2-23

 3 Emotional Intelligence A cluster of skills relating to the emotional side life. (Eg. The ability to recognize and regulate our own emotions, ability to recognize and influence others emotion, self motivation , ability to form effective long term relationship with others

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Personality Theories and Assessment

Human Diversity
Personality and culture
Personality influenced by culture Individualistic culture (ie: U.S.) emphasize individual rights and characteristics Feeling of pride, superiority Seek own goals over those of others More willing to use embarrassment and aggression to prove oneself right Free time often spent in solitary (lonely)pursuits
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Human Diversity
Personality and culture
Collective cultures (ie: Japan, China, India) emphasize individual in terms of rights, duties, and expectations as member of a group Leisure time more often spent with family Less aggressive in conflict; say things to avoid embarrassment of others Characterized as having close ties, respectful, and friendly
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Personality Theories and Assessment

Human Diversity
All personality theories must consider effects of culture People of different cultures tend to differ in some important ways There is tremendous variation within cultures Collective and individualistic traits are found among members of all cultures

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Consensus b/w Ability and Attitude

Ability Capacity to do physical and intellectual tasks Aptitude Capacity to learn the ability to do physical and intellectual tasks. Aptitude is the ability to learn ability. If u lack on either of them u tend to fail.

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How personalities differ

Heredity Genes predetermine an individual physical characteristics. Gender, race, size, appearance, health, energy. Individual learn and acquire knowledge, ability, value, attitude and learn there own motives. Over a period of time there pattern behaviour become their personality
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 Culture How individual, social sturcture and culture belief influence one another

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16 PF- Jungian Aspect of MBTI Source of energy

Extraverted Characteristics Act first, think/reflect later Feel deprived when cutoff from interaction with the outside world Usually open to and motivated by outside world of people and things Enjoy wide variety and change in people relationships Introverted Characteristics Think/reflect first, then Act Regularly require an amount of "private time" to recharge batteries Motivated internally, mind is sometimes so active it is "closed" to outside world Prefer one-to-one communication and relationships

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Collecting Information
Sensing Characteristics Intuitive Characteristics Mentally live in the Now, Mentally live in the Future, attending to present attending to future opportunities possibilities Using common sense and Using imagination and creating practical solutions is creating/inventing new automatic-instinctual possibilities is automaticinstinctual Memory recall is rich in detail Memory recall emphasizes of facts and past events patterns, contexts, and Best improvise from past connections experience Best improvise from Like clear and concrete theoretical understanding information; dislike guessing Comfortable with ambiguous, when facts are "fuzzy" fuzzy data and with guessing its meaning.
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Decision Making
Thinking Characteristics Feeling Characteristics Instinctively search for Instinctively employ facts and logic in a decision personal feelings and situation. impact on people in decision situations Naturally notices tasks and Naturally sensitive to work to be accomplished. people needs and reactions. Easily able to provide an Naturally seek consensus objective and critical and popular opinions. analysis. Accept conflict as a natural, Unsettled by conflict; have normal part of relationships almost a toxic reaction to with people. disharmony.

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Understanding the world

ESTJ most manager Judging Characteristics Perceiving Characteristics Plan many of the details in Comfortable moving into advance before moving into action without a plan; plan action. on-the-go. Focus on task-related Like to multitask, have action; complete variety, mix work and play. meaningful segments Naturally tolerant of time before moving on. pressure; work best close Work best and avoid stress to the deadlines. when able to keep ahead of Instinctively avoid deadlines. commitments which Naturally use targets, dates interfere with flexibility, and standard routines to freedom and variety manage life.

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Lifestyle approach Type A & B

Type A Personality

The following are the characteristics of the type A personality Type As has got a severe sense of time urgency. They are always running and can hardly relax. If they sat without doing something useful they may end up feeling guilty Type As are over achievers, they usually get themselves involved in many different unrelated activities and perform well in them all. Type A's biggest problem is stress, they are usually overwhelmed by the amount of tasks they have to do. These tasks are usually a huge list that they planned for themselves. Type A is usually competitive and has a high challenging spirit.
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 Type B Personality Type B personality is almost the opposite of Type A. This type of person is relaxed by nature and has no sense of time urgency Type Bs have got no problems relaxing or sitting without doing anything Type Bs may delay the work they have to the last moment and they usually don't get stressed that easily. Type B could be an achiever too but his lack of sense of time urgency helps him much in not feeling stressed while doing his tasks.

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Personal Effectiveness
Johari Window Arena-Blind-Closed-Dark Known to others and Not known to Self

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Personality TRAIT
LOCUS OF CONTROL- It is a dimension of personality that explains the degree to which people believe that they , rather than external force determine there lives

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 Authoritarianism It is the degree to which a person believes that status and power differences are appropriate in an organisation

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 Dogmatism It refers to the degree of flexibility or rigidity of a persons views Machiavellianism It is a personality attribute that describe the extent to which a person manipulate others for personal gain

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 Risk Propensity This refers to a person willingness to take risk Self Esteem- It is the judgment one makes about ones own worth

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