NUMBERS & SIMPLE EQUATIONS

- Prepared by KAPIL DATTA

First, lets get the basics right.

What are the two basic categories of nos.?

TYPES OF NUMBERS


RATIONAL NOS.: can be expressed in the form of p/q. Eg: 2, 5, 1050, , etc. IRRATIONAL NOS.: cannot be written in p/q form. Eg: 5, 35, (9)1/3, e, .

RATIONAL NUMBERS
 

 

INTEGERS: Positive, Negative & Neutral. NATURAL NOS.- EVEN (divisible by 2) (2n), ODD (not divisible by 2) (2n1) WHOLE NOS.- 0 + Natural Nos. PRIMES- nos. which have only two factors.

Is 1 a prime no.?

DIVISIBILITY RULES:
  

  

2: last digit to be 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. 3: sum of digits to be divisible by 3. 4: last 2 digits to be divisible by 4 or to be 00. 5: last digit to be 0 or 5. 6: to be divisible by both 2 & 3. 8: last 3-digits to be divisible by 8 or to be 000.

DIVISIBILITY RULES:
 

  

9: sum of digits to be divisible by 9. 11: the difference between the sum of the alternate digits to be either divisible by 11 or to be 0. 12: to be divisible by both 3 & 4. 15: to be divisible by both 3 & 5. 16: last 4-digits to be divisible by 16 or to be 0000.

DIVISIBILITY RULES:
     

18: even no. divisible by 9. 21: divisible by both 3 & 7. 22: even no. divisible by 11. 24: divisible by both 3 & 8. 25: last 2-digits to be 25, 50, 75 or 00. 32: last 4-digits to be divisible by 32 or to be 0000.

How many primes are there from 1 to 100?

There are total 25 primes from 1 to 100, viz. 15 from 1 to 50 and 10 from 50 to 100. 1 to 50: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47. 50 to 100: 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.

Do you remember Squares & Cubes?

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 341, 400 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, 1331, 1728, 2197, 2744, 3375, 4096

ASSIGNMENT:


List down all the prime nos. from 100 to 200. Hint: There are 21 prime nos. from 100 to 200. Memorize squares for nos. from 1 to 40 and cubes for nos. from 1 to 16.

CO-PRIMES OR RELATIVE PRIMES:



These are pairs of those nos. which have only 1 as a common factor. Examples: (5,7), (16,27), (8,15) (15,18) is not a pair of Co-primes as these two nos. have 3 as their HCF.

VBODMAS
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VINICULUM BRACKETS [ { ( ) } ] OF DIVISION MULTIPLICATION x ADDITION + SUBTRACTION -

________ (25 25 10) + 5 of 5 125 x 25 = ?

= (25 15) + 25 125 x 25 = 10 + 1/5 x 25 = 10 + 5 = 15

CYCLICAL PATTERN:
       

For 2: 2, 4, 8 and 6. For 3: 3, 9, 7 and 1. For 7: 7, 9, 3 and 1. For 8: 8, 4, 2 and 6. For 4: 4 and 6. For 9: 9 and 1. For 5: 5 For 6: 6

Find the digit in the units place of (2347)343.

Units digit of 2347 is 7, whose power when raised follows a cyclical pattern of 4 different digits occurring in units place. 343 = 85 x 4 + 3 The third no. in the cyclical pattern of 7 is 3, which is the units digit of the given no.

LCM - Lowest Common Multiple

FACTORISATION METHOD Find the LCM of 27 & 48. 27 = 33 48 = 24 X 31 The highest power of prime factor 2 is 4 and that of 3 is 3. Hence, LCM = 24 x 33 = 432.

HCF - Highest Common Factor

FACTORISATION METHOD Find the HCF of 36 & 48. 36 = 22 x 32 48 = 24 x 31 2 & 3 are common prime factors. The lowest power of 2 is 2 and that of 3 is 1. HCF = 22 x 31 = 12.

Sum of first n natural nos., their squares and cubes:



n = n(n+1) 2 n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6 n3 = [n(n + 1)]2 4

(5+10+15++55)-(3+6+9++33)=?

= 5 11 - 3 11 = 2 11 = 2 x 11 x 12 2 = 132

If 7p6p is divisible by 11, what is the maxm. no. of values that p could take?

For 7p6p has to be divisible by 11, then 7+6=p+p, since p has to be an integer. 2p=13 i.e., p is not an integer. (7+6) 2p = 11 13 2p = 11 p = 1 For only one value of p, 7p6p is divisible by 11.

If two positive nos. have their HCF as 23 and product as 10580, then how many possible values of LCM can they have?

Let the two nos. be 23a and 23b. 232ab = 10580 ab = 20 :. Possible pairs are (1,20), (2,10), (4,5) Only (1,20) and (4,5) have HCF as 23. (Why not (2,10)??) :. There are 2 possible values of LCM.

4 bells toll at an interval of 4, 6, 8 and 10 min. resp. If they toll together at 2am, when will they toll together for the first time after 2am?

The LCM of 4, 6, 8 and 10 = 120 min. 120 min. = 2 hours The bells will toll together at 2 + 2 = 4am

How many nos. from 1 to 5000 (both inclusive) are both squares and cubes?

For a number to be both a square and a cube, it can be expressed as n6. 16 = 1. 26 = 64. 36 = 729. 46 = 4096. Hence, there are four such nos.

SIMPLE EQUATIONS:
Linear equations have one or more variables, the maximum power of each variable is one.  One variable: 3x + 7 = 22  Two variables: 2x - 3y = 28 & x y = 26 2 eqns required to solve for the 2 variables.  Three variables: 5x + 2y z = 6; 2x 4y + 3z = 3 & 3x 5y + 4z = 5 3 eqns required to solve for the 3 variables.

In a fraction, if the denom. is increased by 1, it becomes . If the num. is increased by 9, it becomes 1. Find the denominator.

Let the given fraction = x/y If the denom. is increased by 1, it becomes . => x/(y+1) = => 2x y 1 = 0 .eqn(1) If the num. is increased by 9, it becomes 1. (x+9)/y = 1 => x y + 9 = 0 .eqn(2) Solving eqns (1) & (2), we get y = 19.

Rams age is 1/5th his fathers age. The fathers age after 10 yrs will be twice Ritas age after 10 yrs. If 3 yrs ago Ritas age was 12 yrs, find Rams present age.

Let Rams age = x. Then fathers age = 5x. Ritas age 3 yrs ago=12 =>Ritas present age=15 After 10 yrs,Ritas age=25 fathers age=2(25)=50 :. Fathers present age = 50 10 = 40 Now 5x = 40 => x = 8yrs Rams present age

A fathers age is 6 yrs more than 3 times his sons age. If after 4 yrs, fathers age would be 12 yrs more than 2 times the sons age, find the present age of the father.

Let the sons age be = x yrs. Then the fathers age = 3x +6 After 4 yrs, (3x + 6 + 4) 2(x + 4) = 12 X = 10 :. Fathers age will be = 3x + 6 = 36 yrs.

Sum of three nos. is 432. First no. is times the second and the third no. is half of the 2nd no. Find the smallest of the nos.

Let the second no. = x. :. 3x/4 + x + x/2 = 432 :. 3x + 4x + 2x = 432 => x = 192 4 The smallest no. is x/2. 192 = 96. 2

The sum of the digits of a 2-digit no. is 10. If 18 is subtracted from the no., the place values of the digits get interchanged. Find the number.

Let the number be xy. 10x = y 18 = 10y + x x y = 2 ...eqn (1) Also given that x + y = 12 .eqn (2) :. (1) + (2) gives 2x = 12 or x=6. y = 4 The required no. is 64.

Five burgers, 6 pizzas & 7 cokes cost Rs.178. Six burgers, 4 pizzas & 2 cokes cost Rs.124. Find the cost of one burger, 1 pizza & 1 coke.

Given 5b + 6p + 7c = 178 .(1) 6b + 4p + 2c = 124 .(2) 2 x eqn(1) + eqn(2) 16b + 16p + 16c = 480 b + p + c = Rs.30

In 5 hrs A can walk 4 kms more than what B can walk in 8 hrs. In 7 hrs B can walk 2 kms more than what A can walk in 3 hrs. What is As speed?

5A = 4 + 8B .(1) 7B = 2 + 3A .(2) Solving (1) & (2), we get B = 2 and A = 4 :. As speed is 4km/hr.

Rs.1420 is distributed among 7 men, 11 women & 10 boys. Each woman gets thrice the amount that a boy gets & the share of one man equals the sum of the shares of a woman and a boy. Find the sum of the shares received by the women and the boys put together.

1 woman = 3 boys 1Man = 1 woman + 1 boy = 4 boys 7 men : 11 women : 10 boys (7 x 4) boys : (11 x 3) boys : 10 boys 28 : 33 : 10. Hence, each part of the ratio is 1420 71 = 20 Share of 11 women & 10 boys = (33+10) x 20 = Rs.860

THANK YOU