Nomenclature BY ABHISHEK JAGUESSAR

Nomenclature
PO43phosphate ion HC2H3O2 Acetic Acid

C 2H 3O 2acetate ion

Forms of Chemical Bonds

 

Most bonds are somewhere in between ionic and covalent.

There are 3 forms bonding atoms: Ionic Ioniccomplete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another (one loses, the other gains) Covalent Covalentsome valence electrons shared between atoms _________ holds atoms of a metal together

Common Names


A lot of chemicals have common names as well as the proper IUPAC name. Chemicals that should always be named by common name and never named by the IUPAC method are:  H2O water, not dihydrogen monoxide  NH3 ammonia, not nitrogen trihydride

COMPOUND S FORMED FROM IONS

CATION + ANION ---> ---> COMPOUND

Na+ + Cl- --> --> NaCl

A neutral compound requires equal number of + and - charges.

+1 +2

Predicting Charges on Monatomic Ions KNOW THESE !!!!

-3 -2 -1

Cd+2

Properties of Ionic Compounds Forming NaCl from Na and Cl2



A metal atom can transfer an electron to a nonmetal. The resulting cation and anion are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. forces.

IONIC COMPOUNDS
+ NH4

Cl-

ammonium chloride, NH4Cl

Some Ionic Compounds

Ca2+ + 2 F- ---> CaF2 --->

Mg2+ + N-3 ----> ----> Mg3N2 magnesium nitride Sn4+ + O2- ----> ----> SnO2 Tin (IV) oxide
calcium fluoride

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Formulas of ionic compounds are determined from the charges on the ions atoms
yy

ions
yy

Na y +

F : p
yy

Na+

: F : p NaF
yy

sodium + fluorine formula Charge balance:

sodium fluoride 1+ 1= 0

Monatomic Ions

Writing a Formula
Write the formula for the ionic compound that will form between Ba2+ and Cl. Solution: 1. Balance charge with + and ions 2. Write the positive ion of metal first, and the negative ion Ba2+ Cl

Cl

3. Write the number of ions needed as subscripts

BaCl2

Learning Check
Write the correct formula for the compounds containing the following ions: 1. Na+, S2a) NaS b) Na2S c) NaS2 2. Al3+, Cla) AlCl3 b) AlCl c) Al3Cl 3. Mg2+, N3a) MgN b) Mg2N3 c) Mg3N2

Solution
1. Na+, S2b) Na2S 2. Al3+, Cla) AlCl3 3. Mg2+, N3c) Mg3N2

Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds:
 

1. Cation first, then anion 2. Monatomic cation = name of the element  Ca2+ = calcium ion 3. Monatomic anion = root + ide  Cl = chloride chloride  CaCl2 = calcium chloride chloride

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds


Examples: NaCl ZnI2 Al2O3 sodium chloride zinc iodide aluminum oxide

Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary compounds: Na3N sodium ________________ KBr potassium

________________ Al2O3 aluminum

________________ MgS

Transition Metals
Elements that can have more than one possible charge MUST have a Roman Numeral to indicate the charge on the individual ion. 1+ or 2+ Cu+, Cu2+ 2+ or 3+ Fe2+, Fe3+

copper(I) ion iron(II) ion copper (II) ion iron(III) ion

Names of Variable Ions

These elements REQUIRE Roman Numerals because they can have more than one possible charge: anything except Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al
(You should already know the charges on these!) Or another way to say it is: Transition metals and the metals in groups 4A and 5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) require a Roman Numeral.

FeCl3
CuCl SnF4 PbCl2 Fe2S3

(Fe3+) (Cu+ ) (Sn4+) (Pb2+) (Fe3+)

iron (III) chloride copper (I) chloride tin (IV) fluoride lead (II) chloride iron (III) sulfide

Examples of Older Names of Cations formed from Transition Metals

(you do not have to memorize these)

Learning Check
Complete the names of the following binary compounds with variable metal ions: FeBr2 CuCl SnO2 Fe2O3 Hg2S iron (_____) bromide copper (_____) chloride ___(_____ ) ______________ ________________________ ________________________

Polyatomic Ions
NO3nitrate ion

NO2

nitrite ion

Polyatomic Ions
You can make additional polyatomic ions by adding a H+ to the ion! CO3 -2 is carbonate HCO3 is hydrogen carbonate H2PO4 is dihydrogen phosphate HSO4 is hydrogen sulfate

Ternary Ionic Nomenclature

Writing Formulas


Write each ion, cation first. Don t show charges in the final formula. Overall charge must equal zero. zero.
 If

charges cancel, just write symbols.  If not, use subscripts to balance charges.


Use parentheses to show more than ion. one of a particular polyatomic ion. Use Roman numerals indicate the ion s charge when needed (stock system)

Ternary Ionic Nomenclature

Sodium Sulfate Na+ and SO4 -2 Na2SO4 Iron (III) hydroxide Fe+3 and OHFe(OH)3 Ammonium carbonate NH4+ and CO3 2 (NH4)2CO3

Learning Check
1. aluminum nitrate a) AlNO3 b) Al(NO)3 2. copper(II) nitrate a) CuNO3 b) Cu(NO3)2 3. Iron (III) hydroxide a) FeOH b) Fe3OH 4. Tin(IV) hydroxide a) Sn(OH)4 b) Sn(OH)2 Sn4(OH) c) Fe(OH)3 c) c) Al(NO3)3 c) Cu2(NO3)

Naming Ternary Compounds

 

Contains at least 3 elements There MUST be at least one polyatomic ion (it helps to circle the ions) Examples: NaNO NaNO3 Sodium nitrate K2SO4 Al(HCO3)3 Al(HCO Potassium sulfate Aluminum bicarbonate or Aluminum hydrogen

Learning Check
Match each set with the correct name: a) magnesium sulfite 1. Na2CO3 MgSO3 b) magnesium sulfate MgSO4 c) sodium carbonate 2 . Ca(HCO3)2 carbonate CaCO3 Ca3(PO4)2 a) calcium b) calcium phosphate c) calcium bicarbonate

Mixed Practice!
Name the following: 1. Na2O 2. CaCO3 3. PbS2 4. Sn3N2 5. Cu3PO4 6. HgF2

Mixed Up The Other Way

Write the formula: 1. Copper (II) chlorate 2. Calcium nitride 3. Aluminum carbonate 4. Potassium bromide 5. Barium fluoride 6. Cesium hydroxide

Naming Molecular Compounds

CO2 Carbon dioxide

All are formed from two or more nonmetals. Ionic compounds generally involve a metal and nonmetal (NaCl)

CH4 methane

BCl3 boron trichloride

Molecular (Covalent) Nomenclature for two nonmetals nonmetals



Prefix System (binary compounds)

1. Less electronegative atom comes first. 2. Add prefixes to indicate # of atoms. Omit monomono- prefix on the FIRST element. MonoMono- is OPTIONAL on the SECOND element (in this class, it s NOT optional!). 3. Change the ending of the second element to -ide. ide.

Molecular Nomenclature Prefixes

PREFIX monomonodiditritritetratetrapentapentahexahexaheptaheptaoctaoctanonanonadecadecaNUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Molecular Nomenclature: Examples



CCl4
 carbon

tetrachloride

N2O
 dinitrogen

monoxide

SF6
 sulfur

hexafluoride

More Molecular Examples



arsenic trichloride
 AsCl3

dinitrogen pentoxide
 N2O5

tetraphosphorus decoxide
 P4O10

Learning Check
Fill in the blanks to complete the following names of covalent compounds.
CO CO2 PCl3 CCl4 N2O carbon ______oxide carbon _______________ phosphorus _______chloride carbon ________chloride _____nitrogen _____oxide

Learning Check
1. P2O5 pentoxide 2. Cl2O7 heptoxide a) phosphorus oxide b) phosphorus pentoxide c) diphosphorus a) dichlorine b) dichlorine oxide c) chlorine heptoxide 3. Cl2 a) chlorine b) dichlorine c) dichloride

Overall strategy for naming chemical compounds.

A flow chart for naming binary compounds.

Mixed Review
Name the following compounds: 1. CaO
a) calcium oxide c) calcium (II) oxide b) calcium(I) oxide

2.

SnCl4 a) tin tetrachloride b) tin(II) chloride c) tin(IV) chloride

a) nitrogen oxide c) nitrogen trioxide

3.

N2O3

b) dinitrogen trioxide

Solution
Name the following compounds: a) calcium oxide 1. 2. 3. CaO c) tin(IV) chloride SnCl4 b) Dinitrogen trioxide N2O3

Mixed Practice
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Dinitrogen monoxide Potassium sulfide Copper (II) nitrate Dichlorine heptoxide Chromium (III) sulfate Iron (III) sulfite Calcium oxide Barium carbonate Iodine monochloride

Mixed Practice
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

BaI2 P4S 3 Ca(OH)2 FeCO3 Na2Cr2O7 I2O5 Cu(ClO4)2 CS2 B2Cl4

Acid Nomenclature


Acids
  

Compounds that form H+ in water. Formulas usually begin with H . In order to be an acid instead of a gas, binary acids must be aqueous (dissolved in water) Ternary acids are ALL aqueous

Examples:
  

HCl (aq) HNO3 H2SO4

hydrochloric acid nitric acid sulfuric acid

Acid Nomenclature Review

Anion Ending
No Oxygen

Acid Name hydro-(stem)-ic acid (stem)-ic acid (stem)-ous acid

-ide -ate

w/Oxygen

-ite

An easy way to remember which goes with which In the cafeteria, you ATE something ICky ICky

Acid Nomenclature Flowchart

ACID
start with 'H'

element

3 element

hydro- pre i -i endin

no hydro- pre i

-ate endin ecome -i endin

-ite endin ecome -ous endin

Acid Nomenclature


HBr (aq)
 No

oxygen, -ide

hydrobromic hydrobromic acid

H2CO3
 Has

oxygen, -ate

carbonic carbonic acid

H2SO3
 Has

oxygen, -ite

sulfurous sulfurous acid

Acid Nomenclature


hydrofluoric acid
2

elements

H+ F-

HF

(aq)

sulfuric acid
3

elements, -ic

H+ SO42- H2SO4 H+ NO2 HNO2

nitrous acid
3

elements, -ous

Name Em!
    

HI

(aq)

HCl H2SO3 HNO3 HIO4

Write the Formula!

    

Hydrobromic acid Nitrous acid Carbonic acid Phosphoric acid Hydrotelluric acid

Nomenclature Summary Flowchart