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Research Design
Research Design is a blue print for collection, measurement and analysis of data
Sampling design-deals with the method of selecting items for the study Observational design-relates to the conditions under which the observations are made. Statistical design-deals with how information and data are to be analysed. Operational design-deals with techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried out.
Variable Control Confounded relationship Experimental and Non-Experimental hypothesis testing research Experimental and Control Groups Treatment and Experiment
The definition of a variable: A phenomenon or a situation that can take different quantitative values and can be measured. A variable is something that can be changed, such as a characteristic or value. Variables are generally used to determine if changes to one thing result in changes to another.
Continuous variable Phenomena which can take quantitatively different values, even decimals. Eg: Age Non-Continuous variable or Discrete Variable Only expressed in integers. Eg: No. of Men
/objective units of measurement. e.g.- Satisfation ,Domestic violence Concepts___>Indicators_____>Variables indicators- a set of criteria reflective of the concept which can then be converted into variables.
Types of variables: 1. Independent variables the cause supposed to be responsible for the bringing about change in a phenomenon or situation. 2. Dependent variables the outcome of change/effect brought about by change in the independent variable Eg: Height depends on age/individual sex(Height DV)
3. Extraneous variable IVs that are not related to the purpose of the study but affects DV
1.Intervening variable a variable whose existence is inferred but cannot be manipulated or controlled 2.Moderator variable a variable that may or may not be controlled but has an effect on the research situation/phenomenon.
For example: Does a commitment to ethics among media practitioners depend on their educational or professional training? 1. Independent variable: educational attainment of journalist. 2. Dependent variables: ethical behavior, knowledge of Code of Ethics 3. Intervening variable: newsroom policies 4. Moderator variables: civil status, age, years of work experience
2. Control
Controlled- The concept of control implies that, in exploring causality in relation to two variables, the study is set up in such a way that it minimizes the effect of extraneous variable
This can be achieved to a large extent in the physical sciences (cookery, bakery), as most of the research is done in a laboratory. However, in the social sciences (Hospitality and Tourism) it is extremely difficult as research is carried out on issues related to human beings living in society, where such controls are not possible. Therefore in Hospitality and Tourism, as you cannot control external factors, you attempt to quantify their impact.
3. Confounded Relationship
When the DV is not free from the influence of
research, when a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is called control group but when exposed to special conditions, it is called experimental group.
The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an Experiment. E.g.:we can conduct an Experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug.
Types of Research
Internet
Analytical/Explanatory
2. Analytical Research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or information already available. (Cause-Effect)
Goal: To improve human condition (i.e., improve the world) (e.g., how to cure cancers?) Driven by practical needs High impact examples: computers, transistors, vaccinations, The boundary is vague; distinction isnt important
Fundamental Research which is also known as basic or pure research is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in practice. It is undertaken out of intellectual curiosity and is not necessarily problem-oriented.
Goal: Expand mans knowledge (e.g., which genes control social behavior of human beings? ) Often driven by curiosity (but not always) High impact examples: relativity theory, DNA,
Basic designs
Obj. 3.7
1.Descriptive Purpose to describe the current status of a variable of interest to the researcher Example-Peter O. Peretti and Kris G. Majecen (1992) interviewed 58 elderly individuals, from 68 to 87 years of age, using a structured interview to investigate the variables that affect emotional abuse among the elderly. As a result of the interviews, they found 9 variables are common to elderly abuse, including lack of affection, threats of violence and confinement.
Obj. 3.7 & 4.1
2. Correlational
Purpose to ascertain the extent to which two or more variables are statistically related
To ascertain the impact of training on
employee retention. To compare the effectiveness of different loyalty programmes on repeat clientele.
Obj. 3.7 & 4.1
3.CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/EX-POST FACTO STUDIES Purpose to explore relationships among variables that cannot be actively manipulated or controlled by the researcher
relationships
4.Experimental Purpose to establish cause and effect relationships between variables The important characteristics are that there is greater control over the research environment and the researcher manipulates the independent variable and controls unrelated variables Some of the examples of an independent variables could be: temperature, pressure, chemical concentration, type of material and conductivity.
Pure Qualitative Research is a nonnonquantitative type of analysis which is aimed at finding out the quality/kind of a particular phenomenon. Help taken from experimental psychologists.
General purpose
To probe deeply into the research setting to obtain indepth understandings about the way things are, why they are like that, and how participants perceive them
Assumptions of the researcher All meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context ,Different people and groups often have different perspectives and contexts, so there are many different meanings in the world
Obj. 3.8 & 5.1
Historical Research The purpose of historical research is to arrive at conclusions concerning trends, causes or effects of past occurrences. This may help in occurrences. explaining present events and anticipating future events. events. The data are not gathered by administering instruments to individuals, but by collecting them from original documents or by interviewing the eyeeyewitnesses (primary source of information). information).
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is a non-quantitative type of non-
people think, and how they feel - or at any rate, what they say they think and how they say they feel. This kind of information is subjective. It involves feelings and impressions, rather than numbers
The power of tobacco companies and advertising Reasons why people continue to smoke despite the evidence Social meaning of smoking (eg among women and the youth)
approach which you adopt to the qualitative research process and to aspects of data analysis
Inductive Approach
Inductive Theoretical Approach Seek to build up a theory which is adequately
an event, a group, or an institution rather than in a method of inquiry Data may be quantitative or qualitative Focus on what can be learned from the individual case
2. Ethnography
Ethno = people Graphy = describing something Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close
field observation of socio-cultural phenomena. Role of the observer Complete observer Complete participant (identity not revealed) Observer as participant (spectator) Participant as observer (reveal your purpose and gain trust of the group)
For example, a business can use ethnographers and their ethnographies to better understand the wants and needs of a customer base Ethnography at Intel initially focused on new markets. The company had provided products only for the workplace, but in 1995 managers wondered whether users at home would become a distinct market. Ethnographic research showed so much potential that Intel set up a business unit to concentrate on processors and platforms for home use.
3. Grounded Theory
Theory is developed inductively from
management is used to develop new concepts and theories of business-related phenomena, innovation etc.
4. Phenomenology
Rooted in philosophy and describes the structures of
experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from other disciplines Central question: what is the meaning, structure, and essence of the lived experience of this phenomenon for this person/group of people? Researching entrepreneurship through phenomenological inquiry: philosophical and methodological issues
categories you are using to facilitate this Developing and testing hypotheses to reach conclusion
Type o research
Three methods are 1. The survey of concerning literature 2. The experience survey 3. The analysis of inside-stimulating
reviewed and their usefulness can be evaluated as a basis for further research.
people who had practical experience . The objective is to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem.
selected instances of the phenomenon of interest to the researcher Eg. of insight stimulating cases- reaction of a group, the behaviour of consumers
sampling No pre-determined design for analysis No fixed decision about the operational procedures
as experimental studies are those where the researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.
Exploratory Research (Unaware of Problem) Our sales are declining and we dont know why. Would people be interested in our new product idea?
What kind of people are buying Will buyers purchase more of our product? Who buys our our products in a new package? competitors product? Which of two advertising What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective? in our product?