BIO 425 Industrial Microbiology Seyhun YURDUGL

Lecture 1 Introduction: A glance to microbial world

Content outline
Introduction to microbiology General properties of prokaryotes Some basic concepts in microbiology Spore morphology

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
The study of microorganisms (m/os), including viruses A single m/o is able to carry out its life processes of growth, energy generation and reproduction independently. Prokaryotic organisms

General properties of prokaryotes

Have a nuclear region nucleoid. Not surrounded by a membrane. Have a single DNA whose division is not mitotic. Two main groups: -Bacteria -Archaea

Typical bacterial structure

Archaea
Most are anaerobic. Present in extreme environments. i. e. hot springs, hot spa, extreme salty, high acidic, alkaline, salty soils.

Thermophilus aquaticus

Some basic concepts in Microbiology

Pure culture: A culture consisting of only one kind of m/o. should be grown in the lab conditions where appropriate nutrients and environmental conditions must be provided. exclude unwanted organisms (contamination) during cultivation. use Aseptic technique.

Temperature profile for main genera of bacteria

SEM picture for Bacillus spp.

Some basic concepts in Microbiology-2

Culture media: For growth and maintenance of m/os. Broth (The liquid culture) Agar (The solid culture)-petri dish, slant.

Cross inoculation on blood agar S.aureus vs H.influenzae:

The impact of microorganisms on human affairs

Agriculture: N2 fixation, nutrient cycling, animal husbandry. Food: Food preservation, fermented foods, food additives. Disease: Identifying new diseases, treatment and cure, disease prevention.

The impact of microorganisms (m/o)s on human affairs-2

Energy/Environment: Biofuels (methanol and ethanol) production, Bioremediation, Microbial mining. Biotechnology: Genetically modified organisms, Production of pharmaceuticals, Gene therapy for certain diseases.

Cell structure of bacteria

Cytoplasmic membrane Cell wall Ribosomes(protein & RNA) Inclusions(Storage material) Nucleoid region(DNA is present in a more or less free state) Flagellum

Morphology of m/os
Cocci (Spherical / ovoid) Rod (Cylindirical shape) Spirilla(Spiral shaped or curved) Spirochaetes (Tightly coiled bacteria) Appendaged bacteria(Extension-bearing like long tubes or stalks) Filamentous bacteria(long-thin cells or chains of cells)

Different morphological structures

Cell wall structure of bacteria

G(+) G(-) G(-): quite complex, multilayered structure. G(+): single type of molecule, much thicker. Rigid layer for both G(-) and G(+) is peptidoglycan(Murein). Composed of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid.

Structure of peptidoglycan
A small group of aminoacids consisting L-alanine D-alanine D-glutamic acid Lysine or Diaminopimelic acid(DAP) These molecules are connected to form glycan tetrapeptide

Peptidoglycan structure
A thin sheet in which the glycan chains formed by the sugars, are connected by peptide cross-links formed by the aminoacid.

Peptidoglycan structure
G(-): Direct peptide linkage of the amino group of DAP to the carboxyl group of the terminal Dalanine Besides peptidoglycan, structure is mostly composed of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) G(+):A peptide interbridge is the base of cross linking & # of cross-linking aminoacid varies from organism to organism Composed of 90 % peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

Endospores
Special structures of bacteria, produced within the cell can not be destroyed easily even by harsh chemicals, Resistant to radiation(UV), acids and drying, can remain dormant for extremely long periods of time.

Spore structure

LITERATURE CITED
Brock, T. D. , Biology of Microorganisms, Eighth Edition,Prentice-Hall International Inc., New Jersey, 1997. kmen, Z. A. , Food Microbiology Laboratory Book, Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 1995. Pelczar, M. J. ; Chan, E. C. S. ,Krieg, N. R. Microbiology, Fifth edition, Mc Graw Hill Inc. Singapore, 1986.