NATURE IS OUR FUTURE

FUTURE IS CHOICE

NOT FATE

HEALTH OF THE HILLS WEALTH OF THE PLAINS

TROPICAL FORESTS ARE THE ELEPHANTS IN THE LIVING ROOM OF CLIMATE CHANGE

- Andrew Michell
Head of Global Canopy Programme

MANGROVE

OUR POSTERITY SHOULD BE ENSURED IN A WORLD THAT HAVE ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND ENERGY IN BALANCE.

Nature is an infinite sphere of which the centre is everywhere and the circumferences nowhere - Blaise Pascal,
(French mathematician and Philosopher)

Our Planetary Ecosystem: Its Economic Value All environment goods and services--timber, fishes, watershed functions, soils, climate, biodiversity, etc. are reckoned to be worth $ 53 trillion per year or more than the world`s economy of $ 49 trillion. So global natural product is greater than global national product.

The problems we are facing today in Rural Economy can not be solved with the same level of Skill And Will with knowledge, we had at the time of creation of such problems.
We need OUT OF BOX THINKING.
INVESTIGATION, INVENTION AND INNOVATION are the needs of the

day.

Government of developing countries are largely preoccupied with rectifying urban and social problems and often do so, at the expense of environmental degradation.

The extinction of a single species can drive several others to endangered or extinction status .
Cascading effect

 Ecosystems have to be served back, now, by the humanity by striking a balance between Ecology, Environment, Economics, Energy and Electrons.

We should be a part of the solution and not a part of the problem

.

 Total land Area in Tamil Nadu Agricultural lands Net area sown Food crop Non-food crops

: 325 lakh acres : 125 lakh acres : 91 lakh acres : 33 lakh acres

TAMIL NADU
7% of Population of India 4% of Land 3% of Water Resources
LAND USE IS WATER USE

WATER
- Of all waters on the earths surface, - 97.5% is Saline (Oceans) - 2.08% forms Polar ice - 0.29% is ground water - 0.009% fresh water (lakes and Reservoir)

FRESH WATER

Lakes Soil moisture Atmospheric water vapour

: 52% - (Action needed) : 38% - (Action needed) : 8%

Water within living organisms : 1% Rivers : 1%

Total Rainwater falling on Tamil Nadu Average rain Green Water Blue Water Total rainfed land : 123 lakh ha meter : 714mm/annum : 58 lakh ha meter : 42 lakh ha meter : 58%

Hence action has to be taken to enhance

 Every drop of water Every grain of soil Every ray of Sun have to be utilized to the optimum to enhance Biodiversity and Bio-productivity.

FOREST TYPES IN TAMILNADU Montane Grassland Shola Wet Evergreen Forests Evergreen forests Semi-evergreen forests Moist deciduous Thorn forests Deserts Littoral and Swamps Mangrooves

TAMIL NADU

Angiosperms : 5640 (Highest in India) (Flowering plants) Endemics Faunal Diversity : 533 : 187spp of Mammals 454spp of Birds

POLLINATORS AND SEED DISPERSERS

BIRDS BATS BUTTERFLIES BEETLES BEES

BIG FIVE

Their ' happy life ' has to be ensured which will result in abundant cross-pollination, leading to speciation and thereby enhanced Biodiversity.

BIRDS

Ceylon frogmouth

Great Indian Hornbill

Painted stork

ROLE OF FRUITBATS IN ECOSYSTEM  Excellent seed disperser  Promotes propagation of important plant species of the wet evergreen forest  Far away dispersal lessens the interspecies competition  Alimentary canal pre-treats seeds for quick germination  Faecal seeds resist insect predation  Regenerates and restores forests in disturbed habitats in high elevations.

Bats Are Just One of Several Groups of Animals That Naturally Prey on Mosquitoes

BUTTER FLIES

Endemic Plants Dispersed

by Fruit Bats in Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest Sl. Name of the plant No 1 Elaeocarpus venustus (Bedd) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Elaeocarpus munroii (Wt.) Mast Syzygium mundagam (Bourd.) Chitra Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman Pallaquim ellipticum ( Daiz.)Baill Aglaia elaeognioides (Juss ) Benth .var. bourdillonii (gamble) KKN Nair Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb Musea ferrea Endemic Red list status status E EN E E E E E E E

Habit
Tree Tree Tree Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree

R VU
-

EN EN
-

SAMPLE TAGGED TREE WITH SEED DISPERSERS

Moraceae
Below 1000 feet Elevation

Ficus bengalensis

Preponderance of young green leaves will lead to enhanced carbon sequestration.

To make this happen

We have to do what we have undone We have to undo what we have done.

g Y Xg l
(wbghF v yh cF)

Project for Resurrecting Pollinators and Seed Dispersers Nucleus Seed Plots .. 100 (Eastern & Western Ghats Forests) Fruit yielding plants .. 250 Extent of each plot .. 50 ha. Year of execution .. 2011-2012 2012-2013

School Children
Education Exclusive period 1 per week on

*Nature

*Future *Culture

Nature Stay Programme

100 spots in Reserve Forests Both Eastern and Western Ghats 3 days Nature stay camps Eco-education (7th, 8th & 9th Standard)

The Central economic task at this juncture, is to Build up an efficient and satisfactory way of life in rural areas. To achieve an agro-industrial structure that conquers rural unemployment. Stops rural decay Arrest the seemingly irresistable drift of destitute people from the countryside into the big cities already overcrowded and rapidly becoming unmanageable. Forest Farming could make a considerable contribution to the fulfilment of this aim. - E.F. Schumaker - 1966

 Population Density India : 324/km

Tamil Nadu : 478/Km

Urban Population India : 27.78% Tamil Nadu : 43.86% 434 Towns over 1 lakh Population Towns : 1991 : 34.15% 2001 : 43.68% Exodus from Village to Towns Have to be reversed.

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Share in National GDP : 51% in 1951 18% in 2008 Employment in Agriculture: 72% in 1951 52% in 2008

REASONS FOR EXODUS

Dependency on erratic monsoon rains. Decreasing water flow in Rivers Depleting productive potential of soils Dessication leading to decrease in microbial population. Input cost escalation Output income erosion Middle mens exploitation Perishable commodities Income = Expenditure

If inclusive development in the Rural and agri-sector is to have any meaning , small and marginal farmers should move away from subsistance economy to surplus economy. so as to enable them to pay for - Balanced nutrition - Dignified shelter - Decent clothing - Quality education for children

To make this happen, Primary sector, the land and land based assets, need to be redefined, its activities diversified and development integrated.

Rural Poverty and evironmental stress leads to downward growth and spiral with

population

economical to further

marginalisation

leading

environmental degradation.

A global analysis of agroecosystems affirms that long term productivity is threatened by increasing water scarcity and soil degradation reducing global productivity by about 13 to 16%

Perennial

intercrops,

diversified

income add value per unit of land, improve cash flow and cause only a limited loss of main crop in

Agriecosystems.

Growth Rates of GSDP @ Constant Prices(1999-2000)

18 16 14
11.73 18.01 14.48 11.29 11.89 11.67 11.96 10.58 9.40 8.17 7.62 7.60 5.53 4.41 2.23 1.01 4.55 2.78 1.18 12.89

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6
-1.56 3.89 4.38 9.84 9.95 11.45 7.40 6.93 5.99

1.75

-2.33

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

-2.42

-2.08

-7.10

-8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 Agriculture, orestry & ishing Industry Services Gross State Domestic Product
-20.55 -10.61

TAMILNADU ECONOMY
(Cone ice) (Cup ice)

Tertiary sector

Tertiary sector

Secondary sector Primary sector

Secondary sector

Primary sector

Present 2010

Future 2020

 CARBON CARBON FOOT PRINT WATER WATER FOOT PRINT.

PROPOSALS FOR TAMILNADU

1. BAMBOO FARMING 2. COGENERATION OF FOOD AND WOOD

3. BIOMASS GASSIFIER

 The significant problems that we faced today, cannot be solved with the same level of thinking we were at, when we created them.

Programmes have to be ..
Economically Viable Ecologically emphathetic Environmentally ameliorating Aesthetically appealing

Location specific Cost effective Adoptable Acceptable Pragmatic Time bound

Total mismatch between demand and supply

Forest resources cannot meet the growing demand. Hence Agro-Forestry plantations and imports play major role in bridging the demand availability gap.

Thorn less Bamboo

Municipalities - Sewage Power production - Biochar production Tensile strength of paper - Carry bag Cloth Vermicasting Mushroom cultivation Strategy self-help group

Bamboos Farming/Carbon Farming Total cultivated Land in Tamil Nadu : 125 lakh acres * Block Planting of Bamboo:5 lakh acres proposed

Planted in 1m3 pit with 2 kgs. Vermicasting, 100 gms. VAM, 20 gms. of phosphobacteria Azosprillum

Bambusa tulda 2 Years old, 25 culms / clump. Andiyur Research Centre Rainfed condition

Bambusa nutans 5 Years old 1 ha. at 6 m. x 6 m. espacement. Research Centre, Neyveli Rainfed condition Ave. 42 culms / clump

Carbon content is 40 to 50% in total Bamboo Biomass

Protective irrigated farm land Tamil Nadu Maximum income generated per acre : Rs.10,000/acre/year Minimum income generated per acre : Rs.3,000/acre/year. Average income generated per acre : Rs.7,000/acre/year

BAMBOO Income from 4th year onwards Thornless Bamboos can yield 10 to 20 Tonne/acre/year. @Rs.3000/Tonne, annual income of Rs.30,000 could be assured. TNPL Buy back: From 1 lakh acres of Bamboo plantation, 10 to 20 lakh tonne Bamboo could be harvested every year.

Earth worms (Euderilus eugienea)

VERMICASTING PRODUCTION 10 TO 20 TONNES/ACRE/YEAR UNDER BAMBOO CANOPY

Cost of production: Rs.2000/tonne Selling price: Rs.4000/tonne Profit : Rs.2000/tonne For 10 tonnes profit : Rs.20,000/year One acre of Bamboo : Rs.20000/year plantation profit

Mushroom

Mushroom cultivation under Bamboo plantation (anticipated) 1 tonne per acre@ Rs.30 per kg Rs.30,000/acre income can be obtained.

Carbon Credit
@10 US $ per tonne of CO2 sequestered, 20 tonnes/acre 200 US $ could be sourced as Carbon Credit (approximately Rs.10,000/-)

Bamboo Fabric
Most comfortable to wear than cotton or polyester Antibacterial, antifungal Absorbs twice the amount of moisture than cotton Will not hold odour Fast drying Twice the price of cotton. International Market for innerwear

Proposal
Under NADP scheme, if clusters with a minimum of 10 acres with 1 Bore well is allowed (at present a minimum of 50 acre per cluster with 3 Borewells) 5 lakh acres could be brought under Bamboo cultivation very early.

Bamboo Propagules
Flowers once in 30 to 40 years Hence only vegetative propalgation possible T.N.F.D. has established experimental and demonstration plots of selected varieties. Plots could be harvested immediately. Soil working fertilizer application Rooting of cuttings from the felled and new culms that merge

Plots could be harvested immediately. Soil working fertilizer application Rooting of cuttings from the felled and new culms that merge. Cost of production of rooted cuttings : Rs.10/(Rs.20 to 30 in open market) Restricted source: For 20 lakhs : Rs.2 crore 2010 : Rs.30 lakhs 2011 : Rs.170 lakhs

 1 SHG = 1 Acre Bamboo plantation 1 SHG = 1 Cow 1 Cow = 10-11 Kg dung/day 1(cow dung) : 8(soil+litter) ratio 4 tonnes of cow dung (365 days ) + 20 tonnes of Soillitter can yield 20 tonnes Vermicasting/acre/year.

Immediate Requirement
Identification of lands 10,000 acres Selection of SHGs 10,000 Nos. (1 acre per SHG) Thornless bamboo propagule production by TNFD 15 lakhs. By TNPL 10 lakhs. Cuttings can be airlifted from Assam, Tripura and propagules could be produced by TNPL under their high-tech mist chamber conditions.

Total revenue for SHG per year

Bamboo sale Vermicasting Mushroom Total : Rs.30,000 : Rs.20,000 : Rs.20,000 : Rs.70,000/approx.

Fertile soils flourish civilizations Depleted soils diminish civilizations

Bamboo Biochar Application of charcoal to agricultural crops reduced the use of chemical fertilisers by 1/20th, increases disease resistence of the plants.

 Water content of charcoal layer in the soil was remarkably higher by 40% even in mid summer compared with 5% in the outside charcoal zone soil mass. (Japan Biochar Association-JBA)

 Growing Trees and burying charcoal is the apt method of carbon sequestration. CARBON FARMING to mitigate GLOBAL WARMING

 In Japan, at least 100 thousand tonnes of Biochar is applied to agricultural lands annually. They contain 80% carbon and so 250 thousand tonnes of CO2 are shut in the soil and locked without leakage. -CARBON FARMING.

BIOCHAR
There is one way we could save ourselves from global warming and that is through the massive burial of charcoal.

BAMBOO BIO-REMEDIATION MUNICIPALITIES EFFLUENT WATER

140 Municipalities in Tamilnadu over 1 lakh population. 80 litters of water used by an individual. Effluent water discharged by 1 lakh people 80 lakh litters / day 200 bamboo / acre. 100 litters / Bamboo clump 400 acres of Bamboo plantations can be established. For 2 lakh population 800 acres. Yield 15 tonnes / acre / year. Total 12000 tones / Year. Per 1 MW power production 8000 tonnes are required. 10% to 15% activated charcoal or Biochar can be obtained.

SCHEME II tunghu ku eLnth tunghF Ja jngh

Cogeneration of Wood and Food

 Trees to be planted on the Bunds of cultivated lands and inside in rows

Participants
T.N.F.D. T.W.D.C. S.S.F.R.D. School Education Department Research Institute Tree growers Association

MODEL I Only bund planting (4 acre plot)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Model II Bund + + model

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + +

Only + model (1 acre)

 Model-I : Only Bund/acre : 320 Nos. Model-II: Bund +, + design : 400 Nos. Model-III: Only + design : 80 Nos.

 Out of 125 lakh acres of cultivable lands, for growing 50 crore trees in 5 years, we need only 15 lakh acres. Income generated per year by the wood crop in the rural areas of TN will be a minimum of Rs.10,000 crores. This will be in addition to the income generated by the food crops.

kaya senegalensis

TNFD Tamil Nadu Forest Department Forest Extension Centre, Neyveli. 3 years old 50 cm girth 400 per acre

Melia dubia

Bund planting-Teak

Casuarina junghuniana Kapan kupan Indonesian provenance

Mist tent

Enhancing the Productive potential of the soils

Rhizosphere microflora Rhizosphere microfauna Identification, isolation, multiplication and reinoculation into the eco-system.

Evolving appropriate package of practice for ameliorating the Hillocks and problem soils of the Forest Areas
-inoculation with Bio nutrients and Biofertilizers

VAM production

VAM using Sand Medium

Production of Azolla for quality Vermicasting

Seedling grown in 10cm x 20cm size Poly bag

T1Control

T2 Ver - 5gms VAM 3 gms Azos/Rhizo 1gm Phospho 1 gm

T3 Ver - 10gms VAM 5 gms Azos/Rhizo 2gm Phospho 2 gm

T4 Ver - 15gms VAM 7 gms Azos/Rhizo 3gm Phospho 3 gm

T5 Ver - 10gms

T6DAP 3gms

Production of Vermicasting

Role of Modern Nurseries in Rural Development

During, 1998-1999 six modern nurseries have been established by the Research wing. The nurseries produce Vermicasting, VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza) and bacterial bio fertilizers During the last few years more than 3000 tones of Vermicasting, 800 tones of VAM, 500 tones of Bio fertilizers produced and 5 crores tree seedlings raised by the Department inoculated with bio fertilizers and bio nutrients.

Modern Nursery, Thoppur

Vermicasting production for Tree farming Employment generation

Neem 18 months old

without bio-fertilizer

with bio-fertilizer

without bio-fertilizaer

with bio-fertilizer

Harvestable Age
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. EUCALYPTUS CLONES 5 YEARS CASUARINA CLONES 5 YEARS TEAK 15 YEARS MALAI VEMBU 6 YEARS BAMBOO 4 YEARS (every year harvesting) KUMIL 10 YEARS KADAMBA MARAM 10 YEARS NEEM 10 YEARS PUNGAN 5 YEARS (every year seed harvesting) RED SANDERS 20 YEARS

ECONOMICS
SPECIES NO. OF SEEDLINGS TO BE RAISED PER YEAR (in Lakhs) 345 300 10 02 02 100 100 20 10 HARVEST AGE TOTAL INCOME AT HARVEST AGE/TREE (RS.) AVERAGE INCOME PER YEAR PER TREE

EUCALYPTUS CLONES CASUARINA CLONES TEAK MALAI VEMBU BAMBOO KUMIL KADAMBA MARAM NEEM PUNGAN

6 YEARS 6 YEARS 15 YEARS 6 YEARS 4 YEARS 10 YEARS 10 YEARS 10 YEARS 5 YEARS

1200 1000 10000 4000 1200 8000 6000 2500 1000

200 160 660 640 300 800 600 200 200

Advantages
COCONUT: Yields after 6th Year Net profit Rs. 100/Tree in 6th Year Only expenditure till 6th year 100 litres water/Tree/Day TREES: One time harvest from 5 to 10 years Rs.200 to Rs.300/Tree/Year generated. Rs.1200 to Rs.1800/Tree/6th Year harvest 1/10th of water required than that of coconut.

Magalir Thittam (kf l)

Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women has proposed formation of an International Fund for Agriculture Development and Economic activities for women.

Proposed activities under IFAD

On farm investment in soil reclamation and land levelling. Development Forestry. of Agro and Social

 350 blocks 10 crore seedling / year 1 Block 3 lakh seedling Seedling raising TNFD Clones to be procured from TNPL.

 1 SHGM 1 FARMER - 1 SCHOOL CHILD. 5000 well performing SHGS to be selected 50,000 SHGM to be trained by TNFD Research and Extension Centres. Training in Bund Planting models and planting techniques.

 1 lakh Farmers 1 lakh SHGMs 1 lakh School Children 10 crore seedlings Simultaneous monsoon planting 50 days activities only for planting

BENEFITS
Farmer: Quality seedling at subsidized price Planting cost reimbursed Market tie up. Ensuring enhanced income and therefore profit.

 Maximum of 1000 seedlings per farmer as per scheme concessional cost to be supplied. Over and above, he can purchase more seedlings, if desired, at full cost (Rs.6.00) and undertake planting at his own cost.

Self-Help Group Member

Incentive for involvement Re.1 to be paid per established seedling. Re.1 per tree per year for carbon credit (1 tree 20 kg biomass per year)

School Children

Involvement Appreciation Certificates of Merit Additional Marks

Technology support
G.P.S. Position System) G.I.S. Information System) Digital Camera (Geographical (Geographical

FUND
Head Sub-Head : : FOREST Increasing Tree cover outside Forest areas. Allotted to : Tamil Nadu Water shed Development Agency Programme : Waste Land Development Programme Fund allotted : Rs.340 crores for 11th Plan (Rs. 300 crore available)

50 crore trees, if thus planted in 5 years, Will support Rs.10,000 crore turnover per year as wood products. Contribution of Primary sector to economy ensured and enhanced. Could generate downstream employment to 50 lakh people. Direct income enhancement to 100 lakh people Totally 1.5 to 2 crore people in the rural area will be benefited.

 These 50 crore trees could earn Rs.500 crore/year as carbon credit apart from their biomass sale profit.

FAST WOODS BETTER THAN FAST FOODS

Environmentally and Metabolically

Match splints
Requirement : 1 lakh tonne/month (Melia dubia) 1 year old - @20 Tonnes/year 60,000 Acres 1 tonne - Rs.3000/Total income : Rs.360 crore This will increase Primary Sector GDP +2%

To make this happen, thrust needed in ensuring

 High yielding plant propagule production availability at afforable price at appropriate time.

Institutions like TAFCORN (Tamilnadu Forest Development

Corporation and TNPL (Tamilnadu News Prints and Paper Limited) have the technical skill, will and adequate further infrastructural improvement will ensure the mandate.

 Extension centres of Agri and Forest Departments could

impart training, demonstration of low cost technology.

Government should plan for promoting establishment of wood based industries like Veneer, MDF particle Board, Match splint, Biomass powerplant etc., atleast one per block to ensure a win-win.

Global Warming
STRATEGIES
Adoption (Proactive) Adjustment (Reactive) Action (Active)

Why Green Energy?

N.L.C. Carbon emission

Per day 70,000 tonnes of CO2 emitted during the production of 2460MW of

electricity through lignite burning. 250 lakh tonnes per year. Total coal based power generation in Tamil Nadu 5430 MW. Around 500 lakh

tonnes CO2 emitted into atmosphere per year in Tamil

Clean Energy
MELIA DUBIA BASED BIOMASS GASSIFIER (electricity production)

Why energy? India

Electricity demand and supply gap is more than 20%

10 out of 28 States on deficit.

 For commercial and industrial power use alone, so far, Rs.1 lakh crore have been spent on buying Invertors in INDIA. This amount could be utilized to generate 20,000 to 30,000 MW power.

Electricity Production
Melia dubia

Biomass Gassifier

1 MW production : 24 tonnes/day For 365 days : 8760 tonnes/years @ 50 tonnes per acre/year : 175 acres to be planted

Renewable Resources
Source
Solar

Cost (Rs.)
12 crores

Cost of Time prod. unit

Rs.12 Day time, non cloudy days Seasonal

Remarks
High cost. Technically not proven. Location specific

Wind

6 crores

Atomic

11 crores

24 X 7

Huge water required. Waste disposal. That too seasonal. Per year will be low. Dangerous. Cannot be regulated Polluting. Non-renewable. Depleting the capital. Going to be costly Local availability of Raw material. Safe. Carbon neutral. Money pumpted into Rural Economy. Could be economical. Non stop.

Coal

5 to 6 crores 4.5 to 5 crores Rs.2.5 to 3.00

24 X 7

Biomass

24 X 7

Maharashtra to set up 3 Solar Power Plants(Business Line 21.05.11)

155 MW = Rs. 1,987 crores Cost per MW = Rs.13 crores (Compare with Biomass which is only Rs.4.5 to 5 crores) Cost of production per unit .. Rs.12
(Biomass fast wood cost of Production Rs.3.00 only)

Selling cost .. Rs. 17.90

(As authorised by Maharashtra Electricity Reg. Commn.)

Technology .. Photovoltaic Technology

10 MW Biomass Electricity Generation

Cost: Area: Species: Rs.45 to 50 crores 4 to 5 Acres for Factory 2000 to 2500 Ac For Tree cultivation Melia dubia (Malaivembu) Superior fast growing + tree clones.

Farmers: 500 5 Acre per farmer

P.P.P. Govt. : 25 crore (TNPL EB) Farmer: @ 3 lakhs/farmer : 15 crores Govt. of India subsidy: 5 crores.

Wood: * 300 tonnes/day * @ 50 tonnes/Acre

(6 acres to be harvested every day) Period: 11/2 years
Clonal plants required: @ 2000/Acre = 40 lakhs clones (TNPL)

Income to Farmer:Rs.2500/ton for 30 ton = Rs.75,000/Acre

Income to Factory: Selling Price Rs.4.50/unit Cost of production Rs.2.50/unit Profit Rs.2/unit Total production per day : 2.4 lakhs unit Profit per day :Rs.4 lakhs(approx.) Each Farmer may get minimum Rs.1000/day from Factory as the share of the profit.

Projects 2011-2012

(PPP model) Fastwood Power Generation

30 districts X10 MW= 300 MW

Fund Required:
For 10 MW : Rs.45 crores 500 Farmers: (Rs.3 lakhs each) 500 X 3 = Rs.15 crores T.N.P.L. Rs.10 crores T.N.E.B. Rs. 10 crores (IREDA) Bank loan Rs. 10 crores (Government of India subsidy after commissioning) Rs.25 lakh/MW

HIGH YIELDING CLONES

Only recently, very high yielding varieties of Melia dubia, capable of yielding 50 tonnes/acre/year have been evolved. - TNFD Research and Extension wing.

 By manipulating the environment and maintaining quality planting stock of clones of these species, it is possible to scale up the yield to 100 tonnes/acre/year, which can be world record. - TNPL can enhance the clonal production through their high tech mini cutting macro propagation centres. 90% rooting without harmone have been achieved recently by TNPL in Melia dubia.

Date of Planting: Febraury 2008

20 Months old

50 kg per tree/50 tonnes/acre/year

TAMIL NADU PROTEIN DEFICIENCY Per capita consumption per day: 72 gms 1956-57 42 gms 1972-73 33 gms 2006-07 13 gms 2008-09 WHOs recommendation : 80 gms/day

PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
Indigestion, fatigueness, physiological changes in skin and hair texture, decline in immunity. Growth impaired. All enzymes and hormones are protein based. Absolute deficiency leads to excessive carbohydrate uptake causing obesity, heart illness, diabetes etc. of children and women specifically

PULSES PRODUCTIVITY IN TAMIL NADU (KG/HA)

Bengal gram Highest 1st Perambalur 991 Dharmapuri 137 Red gram Theni 1419 Karur 276 Greengram Kanchi 959 Vellore 243 Blackgram Trichy 964 --204

Lowest 30th

Promoting appropriate variety for the higher yielding areas and reallocating varieties needed

PROTEIN (IN 100 GMS)

Rice Kambu Beans Egg (Hen) Egg (Duck) Cotton seed milk Soyabean Soyabean vegetable Grams Protein 5 gms 11.6gms 9 gms 6 gms 15 gms 20gms 22.3gms 18gms 20gms Calorie

75 calorie 170 calorie

PROTEIN
Beans Peas Cabbage Carrot Cauliflower Mushroom Potato Sweet corn Tomato : : : : : : : : :

(PER 100 GRAMS)

9 grams 7 grams 1 gram 0.5 gram 3 grams 2 grams 1.6 grams 2.5 grams 2 grams

- Public should be made aware - Cultivations have to be focused

REDGRAM (Thuvari)
22% Protein and 10% fat 5 times more Vitamin A 3 times more Vitamin C Present Redgram production in TN 2009-10 is 27,760 tonnes. Overall pulses production is 2,72,540 tonnes

PROJECTED DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND DEFICIT OF FOODGRAINS FOR 2010, 2015 - TAMIL NADU

Food grains

2010 (Lakh tonnes) Demand Production Deficit Demand

2015 (Lakh tonnes) Expected Production Deficit

Cereals

97.65

81.56

-16.09

101.02

79.11

-21.91

Pulses

21.97

2.72

-19.25

22.73

2.66

-20.07

TOTAL

119.62

84.28

-35.34

123.75

81.76

-41.98

Good rains Food grains

MILK
INDIA - 1st in cattle population in the world. Highest producer of Milk Productivity of animal low. Only 987 kg/lactation against 2038 kg/lactation of world average

- Milk Production can be increased by 20 to 30% by improved feeding alone. - Expanding wasted lands-fallow lands to be converted to 100 Acre farms, fortified with Native Fodder species, native cattle.

PERFECTION is a MOVING TARGET

Every space in the world has a thing. Every thing in the world has a place

The almighty had placed everything in this world in its place. We, humans, have displaced them, for our civilised living, without realising that the displaced material are the causes of pollution.

Affluent Society becomes Effluent Society

We should be a part of solution Not a part for the problem of pollution.

POSSIBILITIES OF MITIGATING POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE TEXTILE DYE AND LEATHER INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADU.

TIRUPUR TEXTILE TOWN

Knitting and stitching units Dyeing and/or bleaching units Printing Units Embroidery Units Other (Compacting, Raising Calendering)

: 4500 : 750 : 300 : 100 : 200

Because of the dyeing units, all the other activity based industries are affected.

View of Noyyal River at Kasipalayam

TIRUPUR DYEING INDUSTRY IS A DYING INDUSTRY

STAGNATION OF INDUSTRIES
STAGNATION OF AGRICULTURE

MAIN FACTOR SODIUM CHLORIDE ( Nacl)

Tiruppur Nacl usage

 1 lakh Tonnes / year. 85% H2O Recovered by R.O. 15% EFFLUENT 20,000 TDS 2,000 TDS allowed

Change over from Nacl to Potassium sulphate

K imparts drought tolerance
- increases dry matter production - increases retention of water and hence salt tolerance.

- Reduces toxicity of Na salts by replacing its place in plants. Sulphur has recently been included as one of the macronutrient Increase disease resistance.

BACKGROUND
Due to severe environmental problems, textile industry in Tiruppur, Erode and Karur districts are closed on HC directive On the initiative by the Planning Commision (Dr. Kumaravelu, IFS (Retd.) Permanent Member, Planning Commission) IIT Madras has undertaken research studies to standardize natural evaporation systems. Such systems will be highly economical, easy to operate, use renewable sources, and more sustainable compared to presently employed mechanical evaporators

Graduation Tower, Germany

Demonstration Plant, Erode

PROJECT OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
To optimize the design of a natural evaporator in order to make it a viable alternative to conventional evaporators for further concentrating RO rejects from the dyeing and textile industry.

SCOPE
Experimental studies on model evaporators to optimize the design (Thickness, Type of packing media , Packing density; Flow rate of effluent ;Distribution system) Modeling of process in a natural evaporator to help scaling to field scale natural evaporators Design a solar heat exchanger for preheating the RO reject to increase the effectiveness of natural evaporator

Proposed Expt. Setup

(To be completed by November, 2011)

Experimental set-up-IIT M

NATURAL DYES
Herbal dyes All colours, Blue, Red, Yellow,Orange. Less costly only sustained supply of superior quality to be ensured.

Out of 52 dye yielding plants 3 have been chosen Indigofera tinctoria Morinda tinctoria Rubia cordifolia

BIOREMEDIATION
Phytoremediation is the use of green plants to extract,sequester and detoxify the pollutants. Cheap and ecofriendly alternative.  Root hairs in the fibrous root system results in simultaneous removal of toxins of heavy metals and phenols and remediate the soil effectively.

Seeds Indigofera tinctoria

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Rubia cordifolia

Morinda tinctoria

Phytoremediation
Phytoremidation was carried out at Kasipalayam to study the ability of species to mitigate the pollution caused by chemical dyes.

32 Species were planted in the polluted soil 11 species are found performing very well.

Polluted soil reclamation

Model - I 25 TO 50 Acres

 Land preparation  Saucer formation  Ploughing and sowing (Indigo seeds)  Salt tolerance Casuarina parameter bund planting

'

Mist tent

Economics
.. Rs.50,000 .. Rs.25,000 ------------Total Rs.75,000 Less cost of investment and mainteance etc. Rs. 25,000 ------------Rs.50,000 ------------* At present the farmers of the effluent affected soils get only less than Rs.3000/year 1. 2. Indigo 50 Kg/Acre/Year @ Rs.1000/Kg. Fast woods 10 ton/Acre/Year @ Rs.2500/Kg.

NATURAL DYES
To ensure cleaner environment and enhanced income to farmers and garment manufactures, Govt. should promote the use of Natural dyes. Newer technologies in the use of these dyes have resulted in the promotion of No Pollution Natural dyeing systems.

At present, they are facing difficulties in obtaining permission. A working group may be formed to study this and find out ways to be proactive and facilitating.

Model II 25 Acrs
Saucer - planting with Thornless Bamboo Bambusa vulgaris B.nutants B.balcooa B.tulda Under and inter planting of Indigofera ,Rubia

Bambusa nutans

4 years old Average 46 culms per clump Neyveli Forest Research Centre

1000 litres of water is impounded per Saucer for 2 rainfall

EUCALYPTUS TERITICORNIS IN SAUCER TECNIQUE YIELD 50% ORE T AN CONVENTIONAL PLANTING

PLANTING ALONG THE PERIPHERY

Saucer Pits - I

3m

Model III
Saucer Morinda tinctoria - Ring around saucer (Roots ) Indigo

Income of Rs. 30,000 to 40,000/ Acre/ year could be ensured.

Presently income less than Rs.3000/Acre/ year

ERODE

- KALINGARAYAN CANAL 740 YEARS OLD

Tannery and dye effluents Command area : 15,000 acres Actual : about 20,000 acres Pollution affected : about 5000 acres Pollution due to Salts. Colour due to Dyes. Maximum damage due to Salt

Kalingarayan Canal Casuarina equisitifolia

Mongeral population .. 10 yrs./31/2 years old
Yield : 35 tonnes/acre 10 tonnes/acre/year Income : Rs.20,000/acre/year @ Rs.2000 per tonne TNPL had purchased.

TISSUE CULTURE LAB AT STATE FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Drought tolerant Trangenic Plants

RECLAMATION OF TANNERY EFFLUENT SOIL

Convergent technology Application of
Bio-nutrient and Bio-Fertilizer Biochar Pressmud, Spentwash Saucer Cocktail of Chrome resistant Cr VI to Cr III converting

Bacteria like., Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas etc.,

Vermiculture

NATURAL REGENERATION SEEN

 Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul) Morinda tinctoria (Dye plant) Ficus religiosa  Inga dulce (Kodukkapuli)

Eastern ghats Rain water harvesting

Saucer

284 Sq.km 100mts within RF boundary (70000 acres) 10 lakh litter /acre/year /rainwater 7000 crore litter rainwater harvesting 5000 crore litter water 12000 crore rainwater can be harvested

Trench Total

: :

about 3 to 4 lakh acres of Agricultural lands adjoining RF can be irrigated suggested crop. Suggested crop: Redgram, Kambu, Beans.

Fertile soils flourish civilizations Depleted soils diminish civilizations

CARBON FOOT PRINT WATER FOOT PRINT.

Sand dune afforestation

DRINKING WATER NEEDS RELOOK AT Presently Chlorination Suggestion U.V. treatment Rapid evaluation test at kitchen tap point for E. coli contamination.

Water Contamination- Bacteriological

Source Contamination of Water Originates from the Feces of Human, Animals and Birds Discharge of Domestic Sewage, Rotten Food Materials and Vegetation Septic Tanks and Open Defecation in Sandy Soils Discharge of Industrial Effluents. Health Effects Cholera - Vibrio Cholerae Bacteria - GastroIntestinal often Waterborne Botulism - Clostridium Botulinum Bacteria Gastrointestinal Food/Water Borne; can Grow in Food Typhoid - Salmonella Typhi Bacteria - GastroIntestinal Water/Food Borne Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella Bacteria Gastrointestinal Food/Water

Feces of human

Domestic WW Discharge

Easy to Test Field Kits for Bacteriological uality

1. H2S strip Bottles: Developed by DRDO and modified by IIT Kanpur 2. Only a qualitative test 3. Suitable for Screening Level Studies 4. Working on the principles of sulfate reduction by sulfur reducing bacteria (SRB) 5. SRBs are generally find along with Fecal Coliforms 6. Test gives an accuracy within 2-4% error. 7. Chances of getting false positives a re higher than false negatives. Hence, safe 8. Easy to use, simple and inexpensive 9. Experiences showed that by creating awareness among the end users, water quality van be improved significantly 10. This has direct impact on public health a b c

a-unused bottle b- bacterialogically safe c- bacterialogically unsafe

UNICEF training program for village volunteers

Rapid Evaluation of the presence of Coliform Bacteria, and E.Coli from the House taps supplying drinking water. Time: 2 days Cost: Rs.2/House Samples from House Tap/Tanks

Use of UV for Municipal Water Disinfection

Busselton, Western Australia

1. Installation cost only 2.2 times more than Chlorination system. 2. Operational cost 25% less than that of Chlorination.

UV instead of chlorine

Berson UV disinfection system installed Caribbean Island

UV disinfection system at Aruba- Netherlands, a forefront model of UV technology for Municipal applications globally.

To Drink Without Risk: The Use of Ultraviolet Light to Disinfect Drinking Water in Developing Countries Ashok J. Gadgil (510) 486-4651 e-mail: ajgadgil@lbl.govLeslie J. Shown (510) 486-4393 e-mail: ljshown@lbl.gov Center for Building Science Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Mailstop 90-3058 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA, 94720 February 1, 1995

Introduction Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and infectious hepatitis kill more than 400 developing-world children every hour, and result in the loss of billions of hours of worker productivity each year. Home-delivered, municipal, tap water is uncommon in developing countries, and two out of three people in the world must fetch water from outside their homes. In India, water purity issues are particularly important during the monsoon season when heavy rainfall washes raw sewage and other contaminated material from the fields into the wells and surface water. To address this significant public health problem, there is an effort underway at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) to introduce a water disinfection system using ultraviolet light to rural villages in India. The goal of this project is to design and field-test a water disinfection device for developing countries that is durable, easy to use, inexpensive, and can be constructed and maintained locally.

The Cost of Ultraviolet Disinfection

The project team believes that the introduction of ultraviolet water disinfection systems to Indian villages can, at a very low cost, greatly reduce health problems associated with contaminated drinking water. The technology is potentially available to a large portion of the Indian population because so much of rural India has access to electricity. Approximately 70% of the Indian population is rural and about 80% of villages are connected to the electrical grid. Although the majority of houses in electrified villages are not directly connected, there is a central point in all electrified villages from which a community-owned water disinfection system could be powered.2 The estimated one-time capital cost of an ultraviolet system is $500, including valve, fittings, and labor. The life of the stainless-steel chamber is expected to be approximately 40 years; the UV lamp requires replacement annually. At 12% discount rate, the annualized capital cost of the UV system is approximately $60 per year. Assuming that the system is operational for 12 hours per day, and that the price of electricity is 8 cents/kWh, the annual operating cost of a UV system is approximately $44 (including the replacement UV lamp and the cost of electricity). Thus, the total annual cost is approximately $104. It is assumed that the villagers provide their own storage tanks and sand filter; the raw materials for these components are readily available and inexpensive. These are not included in the present cost calculations. Operating for 12 hours per day, the system will disinfect 7884 tonnes (7.9 million liters) of water annually. The cost of disinfecting water is thus about I per ton. Based on a per capita drinking

water requirement of 10 liters per day, a single system can provide enough water for approximately 2200 villagers. Accordingly, a UV system could ensure potable water yearround for a community of 2200 people at a cost of about 5 cents per villager per year.

Other Implementable Projects proposed

Indigenous Fodder species Banks * Unknown * Underexploited * Underevaluated * Unidentified

native fodder species that are found in Natural Forests have to be collected, selected and domesticated (Penning of Goat)

Aromatic Sandal Nucleus Seed Plots..

79 + trees (maximum scented heartwood trees) Grafts in 100 Centres of 50ha each (Eastern ghats) Fruit trees, Perch Trees Cascading Effect Will result in enhancement of population of heartwood scented trees and reduction of scentless non-aromatic sapwood trees.

Irrigated Sandal Plantations

On the banks of all the River Padugais of Tamil Nadu rivers. 100 ha. Each Total 10,000 ha. 10,000 Crores after 15 years

Recapitulating 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Natural Resources of Tamil Nadu. Water quantity and quality. Nutritional deficiency population. Pressure on Primary sector. Global warming carbon farming. Cogeneration of Food and Wood. Fast wood power. Wastelands and wasted lands resurrection. Solutions to Pollutions.

Thank you