The formal inauguration ceremony of IR was

performed on 16th April 1853.  Indian railway is the biggest employer(1.6 million) in the world.  Indian railway is state owned enterprise  It has knit India together by a single transport network.  Indian railway is fourth largest railway network.

Total Rail Route No. of Railway Station No. of Railway Zones Revenue
Passengers travelling per day

62,480 km 7052 16 19.7 billion US $ 11 million 7356 11 lack

No. of passengers train Total Railways Employees

Over-Head Lines  Microwave Communication  Optical Fiber Communication



 Join two station through poles.  Run over the poles.  Low insulation compared to ofc.  Communication fails due to sand storm or fall of poles.

 Transmit information from one place to another.  Transmission freq

2 to 24 GHz.

Importance of microwave
 Transmission capacity increased.  Increased directivity and gain of antenna.  Secrecy.

 Frequency :7.125-7.425 GHz  Channel Capacity

   

Main Channel-480 Way station channels-30 digital service channel-4 It employs remote supervision techniques. Microwave Integrated circuit, dielectric regenerator Oscillator & high speed digital circuits are used for high efficiency. QPSK modulation is used.

y Principle:- signal PCM multiplexed, undergone through

QPSK modulation. y PCM:- transmit spoken words into digital form. y Requirement of PPM signal:Filtering- To limit speed 300-400hz. Sampling-Basic requirement for TDM. Sampling theorem:-Fs > 2Fm Quantization-Breaking of continuous range to steps. Encoding-convert analog signal to binary signal.

y Loss of microwave energy. y Affects system reliability. y To minimize fading two methods are used:-

Frequency Diversity Space Diversity

 Used to transmit light signals over long distances.  Underground line process.

Internal Structure

 Core-thin glass center of fiber where light travels.  Cladding-outer optical material surrounding the core.  Buffer coating-plastic coating protects fiber.  Jacket-outer sheath of plastic or Teflon.

Single mode fiber-transmit one signal per fiber.  Multi mode fiber-transmit many signal per fiber.


Working


Principle-total internal reflection.

y Low bit error in digital communication. y Very high traffic carrying capacity. y Negligible cross talk. y Low loss. y weight is very low.

Disadvantages
 High cost.  Need of expensive transmitter and receiver.

 Interlocking : It provides a complete route can be set by one operation

and suitably safeguarded against conflicting moves.

 Entire operation of reception and departure through Control Panel.  At present time Route Relay Interlocking is used and work with

Control Panel located in RRI cabin.

 Train detection: Track circuits or axle counters are used for the

detection of trains . Only one train can occupy a track section at any time.

y Controls all operation. y Provided with SM lock-up key to lock the panel. y SM locks panel in his abesence.

y All indications are depicted on it and provided infront

of SM(Panel.) y After operation on control panel watch indication on indication panel. y Non correspondence reported to SE on duty.

YARD LAYOUT

Indicate position of point lying Normal or Reverse.

Yellow light track clear. Green light proceed. Red light track faulty or occupied.

 Flashing yellow or red - failure of point.  Red light and audible warning - failure more than

10 sec.  Flashing of individual point will continue till failure is put right.

y All power operated points are worked from RRI Cabin. y Hand operated points are non interlocked and

operated by Pointsman with hand-levers. y Motor operated points 101 - 200. y Hand operated points 201 -250.

 Green- proceed at line speed.

prepare to find next signal displaying red.  Red stop.

 Yellow

ADVANTAGES
 Displaying the same aspects by

night as by day.  Require less maintanance than mechanical ones.

 The ON and OFF aspect of the signals are repeated on

indication panel by means of Red indication light when the signal is displaying danger aspect and Green indication light when signal is displaying Clear Aspect.
 Position light type Shunt signals will display two white

lights in horizontal position for ON and two white lights at 45 degree to horizontal for OFF .
 Signal

below Main signal will have only OFF aspect,shown by two white lights at 45 degree to horizontal for OFF .

y Integrated Power Supply. y To provide continuous power supply. y IPS is mainly obtain by 3 main parts which are; y AC

DP Panel Alternative Current Distribution Panel. y DC DP Panel Discrete Current Distribution Panel. y Charger Panel.

Magneto Telephone Exchange

Digital Exchange

Central Battery Exchan ge Electromec hanical Exchange Cross bar Exchange

Electroni c Exchange

Power plant (Required for exchange)

Processor(Digital Electronic Exchange)

C-DOT

128 lines

Indian technology

OKI Technology

1200 lines

Tata Telecom Product Crompton Greaves

Multi Key Technology

60 lines

Nitsuhu Enkay

C DOT, 128 Multi Key lines Tech., 60 lines

OKI Tech., 1200 lines

y SPC (Stored programmed control) y By Centre for Development of telematics y It is developed only on one microprocessor IC i.e.

65C02.

y y y y y y y

128 terminations can be accommodated in single frame. Fully digital exchange. Stored Program Controlled Less installation time. Flexible system dimensioning. Low power consumption. Can easily work till 45 C i.e. no need of Air Conditioner

 PSU (Power

Supply)CARD

 Subscriber line card (SLC)  Tone generator and

diagnostic card (TGD)

 RAX CONTROL CARD  Terminal interface

card(TIC)

y Power Supply Card (PSU)

-484 volts DC

Feeds 48V to Subscriber lines

y If 10mA to 35mA current flows mean handset is been lifted

If < 10mA current mean hook condition

y SUBSCRIBER LINE CARD (SLC)

10 SLC cards with 8 lines each + there are 3 trunk cards. y Out of which 2 trunk cards can be replaced by 2 SLC cards. One trunk card cannot be replaced because it is an E & M card of the system. So that maximum possible subscriber with trunk is 96+8. y It acts as a terminal card for interfacing subscriber and exchange. y Each card has 8 identical circuits catering 8 subscribers.
y

y TGD CARD (Tone Generator & Diagnostic)

TGD generates 8 different tones to indicate different status of the subscriber line & PROVIDES ERROR REPORT
Tone Dial tone Frequency 400Hz modulator Busy tone 400 Hz 7.5 sec On; 7.5 sec 10 sec Off Ring back tone 400Hz modulator NU tone( Number- 400 Hz
unobtainable tone)

On-Off period 25Hz Continuous

Time out 10 sec

25Hz 4 sec On; 2 sec Off

60 sec

2.8 sec On;0.2 sec 60 sec Off

y CONTROL CARDS:
y

RAX Control Processor

y 65c02 microprocessor y The standard programming language (C) and

operating system(UNIX) are used. y Master card y Call processing , Administrator, Maintenance work y Man- Machine Interaction
y

TIC-Terminal Interface Controller

y y y y y

4 PCM 32 links , undergo TDM and generates 128 channel link Demultiplex at 2 MB Switching network Works Under RAX High Traffic handling capacity

SP-Signal Processor
y Checks the OFF HOOK Condition with PSU card y Registers the call y Operates the whole call process

Major Functions of the cards

B O R

Battery Feed Over Voltage Protection Ringing

S C H T

Supervision Coding Hybrid Conversion

Testing for Security