Urban Models

LO To be able to analyse and evaluate land use models

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGFZjcLUq lU&feature=related

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THE PICTURES

IN ORDER

Building height

Building age

Functionality

Think of cities you know, how do these things vary?

Periphery Street pattern

TASK...
As cities have grown in area and population in the 20th century, geographers have tried to identify and explain variations in spatial patterns- showing similarities or differences in land use and social groupings within a city. These represent some of the characteristics of urbanisation in MEDC s. Although each city has its own distinctive pattern reflecting on how land use has evolved over time, 4 key models attempt to list the basic assumptions of urban growth. Burgess 1924 Hoyt 1939 Mann 1965 Ullman and Harris 1945 LEDC Land use model Key questions for each, What does the model look like? What is the model showing? What does the model assume in order for it to work? What are the problems or limitations of the model? In your groups you are to produce a creative mini lesson of roughly 10 minutes which cover the content above and teach the other students your model. You are also to produce a detailed summary handout that can be photocopied.

Burgess Urban Land Use Model 1920

CBD core of the city. Contains shops, offices and entertainment. Few residential. High buildings. Inner City Mixed land use of small industries, small houses and offices. Inner Suburbs Housing dates 80 100 yrs. Terraced houses with back yards. Outer Suburbs Semidetached houses 1930+ Council houses. Shopping parades. Outof-town shops. Commuter Zone Green belt around urban areas. Beyond it, small towns and villages. High cost housing.

CBD Inner City Inner Suburbs Outer Suburbs Commuter Zone

1. Why are high buildings found in the CBD? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this model?

Is the Burgess Model useful?

Based on American cities Based on pubic transport only It does not consider culture or class Does not take into account the physical land Land near the centre was of higher value Buildings aged as we move out from the centre. Well-defined separations either ethnically or economically Those who could afford transport lived further out No concentration of heavy industry BUT Simple, good basic understanding, idea of city growth

Hoyt Model 1939.

Developed by Hoyt as an improvement on the Burgess model.
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Created following a study of 142 cities in the USA. Hoyt arranged the zones in sectors radiating from the CBD.
He suggested that specific land use extends outwards along radial transport routes. Modern uses still congregate at the periphery and extend the sectors. High class housing occupied the positions of best accessibility along the route ways.

1 CBD 2 Wholesale and light manufacturing 3 Low-class residential 4 Middle-class residential 5 High-class residential

Task: How is the Hoyt model an improvement on the earlier Burgess model?

Is the Hoyt Model useful?

Due to it's age this model is also incorrect as it does not take into account commuter villages which developed with the popularization of the car. Other problems may be found by looking at the Burgess' model criticisms.

BUT Some cities seem to follow the model, looks at effects of communication routes, provides alternate explanations to Burgess model.

Bid Rent Theory

Is all about Desirability and Money

The amount of rent users are prepared to pay to for a site The CBD is the most accessible and competition is fiercest - land value is highest Land value is highest at the city centre

You can then lay these ideas over the outline map of the city

With the graphs overlaid the Bid PEAK becomes apparent

However, in reality both major and minor roads influence the shape

How would this transfer onto the road layout

If we lay a shroud across the whole landscape a whole city approach is possible.

The PEAK is apparent and many minor peaks can also be identified, mainly at road junctions.

Harris and Ullman 1945 The Multiple Nuclei Model

Some large settlements particularly in areas with lots of space and which are flat grow from several centres. These nodes become specialised and differentiated based on a number of attributes: Differential accessibility. Some activities require specialized facilities such as port and rail terminals. Land use compatibility. Similar activities group together. This may be defined as centripetal forces. Land use incompatibility. Some activities are repelling each-other such as high quality residential and heavy industrial. This may be defined as centrifugal forces. Location suitability. Some activities cannot afford the rent of the optimal site for their location.

This gives a mosaic of clustered land uses. Legal services benefit from clustering. Convenience stores do not welcome clustering.

Harris and Ullman 1945 Limitations and Advantages

Still a simplification of the urban landscape Physical landscape still not entirely integrated BUT Considers the complexity of the city and its surrounding areas Realisation that the CBD is not the only part of a city that affects land use

Mann Model 1965

 British land use model Combines the Burgess Model with the Hoyt sector model. Four basic sectors are: middle class, lower middle class, working class, and lower working class. Each sector displays four zones. Role of prevailing wind is importnat

Mann s Model Limitations and Advantages

No reference to the physical landscape. No acknowledgement of the multiple centres in Harris and Ullman s model. Does not foresee the advent of reurbanisation that is happening today with the regeneration of decaying old industrial centres. BUT Takes in the role of council estates in the suburbs. Notes the influence of environmental factors. Makes a model more specific to the UK .

LEDC land use models

Both MEDC and LEDC cities have a CBD - often the oldest part of the city. In LEDCs the poorest housing is found on the edge of the city - in contrast to MEDC cities whose suburban fringe is very often a place of high quality housing. The areas of poor quality housing found on the edge of cities in LEDCs are called squatter settlements or shanty towns.