Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Roy Frank
Planning A Survey
Planning A Survey
2. Existing Control
1. Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey Urbana, IL 2. National Geodetic Survey Rolla, MO or Rockville, Maryland
3. Reconnaissance:
1. Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated 2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long) 3. Probe, detectors often problems - brass
Planning A Survey
4. Choice of Instruments and Methods
1. Depends on availability, location, existing features, and accuracy
Example: Angle turned with theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good precision. Angles of 2-3 expected, real results angles 15 = accuracy
Errors
3 Types
1. Blunders 2. Systematic Error 3. Accidental Error
Errors
2.
3.
Once check indicates that there is no blunder, field record must never be changed or destroyed An overall check must be applied to every control survey. Make as many overall checks as possible.
Errors
Systematic Error an error that under the same conditions will always be of same size and sign. Basic Rules to Eliminate:
1.
2.
All surveying equipment must be designed and used so that whenever possible systematic errors will be eliminated automatically Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause them must be determined.
Errors
Accidental Errors (random errors) represent the limit of precision in the determination of a value Corrected be laws of probability
Compass Rule and Least Squares
Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and shorelines 2. Rivers and Lakes Process different
1.
2.
Rivers
2. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control points on opposite sides 3. River Portion: 2 processes
2. EDM similar to radial 3. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection
3.
Lakes
2. Normal process same as river but generally do not have current problems
Overall Process:
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
Establish control points both horizontal and vertical Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is basis for control points on shore) Cross sections taken If EDM, radials taken from control points due to difficulty in obtaining shots under 300 May have to combine cross sections and radial location to pick up anomalies not covered by cross sections
Gauging Stations
1.
2.
3.
Purpose is to install either manually read or automatic gauges to determine stream, river, lake, or ocean elevations Process: Establish system of BMs throughout area gauges will be installed Establish elevation mark at site for installation After gauges are installed, check elevation of each
Topographic Surveys
6 Basic Methods 1. Radial 2. Plus/Offset
2. Plus Offset
2. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish points at station interval 50, 100, 200 3. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus distance right or left (looking up stationing) 4. Establish elevations on station points then elevation out a predetermined distance with shots at breaks
Topographic Surveys
4. Due additional section to locate features in between stations 5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle Prism? 2. Grid Method 1. Take cross Section Groups and Combine 2. Establish Grid baseline often property line 3. Establish Perpendicular line 4. Both Marked at grid interval (25, 50) 5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid 6. Grid laid out by double taping 7. Field notes 1 2 grids/page
Topographic Surveys
3. Photogrammetry
1. Limitations
1. Trees Leaves off no large growths of coniferous 2. Ground Cover grass, thick weeds and vines, snow 3. Clear Sky 4. Tall Buildings Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the average of 2 weeks flying time
Topographic Surveys
Scale Photo S = (f/H) Coordinates From Photos XA = (xa/f)(H-ha) YA = (ya/f)(H-ha) Height of an object r = radial dist. to top d = radial dist. to top radial dist. to bottom h= d (H) / r
Topographic Surveys
4. GPS: Total Station System
1. Basic of GPS
1. Topo with GPS 2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)
2. Limitations:
1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal Trees, Building 2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) Buildings, Fences, Roofs 3. Debate over elevation (0.15 +/- my belief)
Topographic Surveys
5. Trace Contour
1. Used to identify several contours around an area
3. Plotting Contours:
Interpolation:
1. Estimation 2. Computation
5. Reservoir Capacity
Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2
EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA (EXAMPLE) END AREAS: STATION CUT EMBANKMENT 0+00 0 0 1+00 10 156 2+60 50 795 3+00 197 1526 4+80 5 110 5+00 0 0
CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards EMBANKMENT: 5574 X 1.852 = 10324 Cubic Yards Compaction Factor = 25%, 10324 CY X 1.25 = 12905 CY Fill
3. 4.
IDEAL Process: Area divided by establishment of Principal Meridians and Baselines Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of Parallel (correction lines) Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections
3. 4.
IDEAL Process: Area divided by establishment of Principal Meridians and Baselines Area divided into 24 mile square tracts quadrangle using guide meridians and Standards of Parallel (correction lines) Divide 24 mile tracts into 16 townships each 6 miles square Divide townships into 36 one mile square sections
Easements
1. 2.
3.
4.
Easement is a Legal document which allows someone to do something to and or through your property Types: Access (ingress/egress) Construction Water rights Utility
3. Width of easement 4. Duration specified number of years or perpetual or life 5. Description of where located
Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision
A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across the _____ side of the _____ of the _____ of Section, ___, T__ __, R__ __of the ___ P.M., __________ County, Illinois said strip lying ______ of and adjacent to the _______ right of way line of the existing public road.
C/A mode intended for general use and capable of providing single point positioning P mode is much more accurate but is reserved for military and government use
1.
2.
Station site Selection (critical factors) Obstructions with elevations greater than 15-20 above horizontal should be avoided Station mark must be suitable for occupation by tripod
5.
5. Real Time (RTK) base with radio transmitter and rover with radio receiver
Occupation 1-10 sec. PDOP < 6
Municipal Surveys
1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps
1. Value: used by planners, engineers, architects, utilities, and surveyors
Products:
1.
2. 3.
4.
Base Map shows all control station, traverse stations, BMs, Streets, ROW, and Public Property Topo Map City Property Survey (location of all existing monuments) Underground Map (utility map)
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Design typical sections Design roadway items Draft plans Compute quantities Prepare specifications
Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract 2. Preliminary studies
1. 2. 3. 4. General layout map Buildings located on general layout Treatment site search Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential building site can be served 2. Manhole system placed on general layout
Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work
1. Preliminary profiles
1. 2. 3. 4. BM system established Manholes set Profiles run Basement elevations acquired
2. Design mapping
1. Final plans
Sewer Projects
3. Design process
1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted
2. Manholes placed on profiles 3. Slope between manholes computed 4. Problem areas alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field 2. Profiles run 3. Revert to 3A
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design
1. Topo map prepared 2. Type system verified 3. Treatment system sized based on existing and projected population 4. System designed
3. Plans drafted
1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross sections 3. Quantities computed 4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built 2. Include contract documents and bid proposal
4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper 2. Pre-bid meeting
Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1. 2. 3. 4. Each contractor submits sealed bid Bids opened and tabulated Engineer reviews proposals Engineer recommends which bid to accept
4. Contract awarded
Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout 2. Manholes referenced 3. Staking methods
1. Batterboard method 2. Laser method
4. Measurement of quantities
6. As Built
3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout 2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control 3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template
2. Quantities
2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked 2. Must be checked for plumb
7. As built
Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract 2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided 2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site 2. Compute data and analysis 3. Final stakeout
Architectural Projects
2. Topo grid method most common
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Grid pattern 25 100 BM USGS Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access Utilities nearest tied in Include all objects above, on or below, ground Prepare topo map Field check map
Architectural Projects
3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building you may want to establish TBMs on control Mon.
2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering 2. Layout clearing and excavation limits 3. Layout underground piping
Architectural Projects
4. 5. 6. 7. Layout footings and foundations Layout building corners and supports Locate roads and parking areas Locate lighting and other project extras
3. As built
Control generally concrete pillars extending 3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently attached Movement monuments for earthquake or landslide may be similar deep monuments