Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction Statement of the Problem Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Assumptions and Hypotheses Significance of the Study Operational Definition of Terms
Introduction
Presentation of the problem. Example: There is no other period in the world history when science has been making its greatest impact upon humankind than it is today. (Prolong the discussion citing the multifarious and wonderful benefits that science is giving to humanity today. Later in connection with science, the topic for inquiry may be presented as the teaching of science in the high schools of province A. as perceived by the science teachers and students
The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that needs a solution. Example: The teaching of science in the high schools of Province A has been observed to be weak as shown by the results of the survey tests given to the students recently. The causes must be found so that remedial measures may be instituted. (The discussion may be prolonged further).
Rationale of the Study The reason or reasons why it is necessary to conduct the study must be discussed. Example: One of the thrusts of the Department of Education and of the government for that matter is to strengthen the teaching of science. It is necessary to conduct this inquiry to find out how to strengthen the instruction of science in the province. (This may be prolonged).
Historical Background of the Problem Example: Since the sending into space by Russia of the first satellite that orbited the earth, educational systems all over the world including that of the Philippines have been trying hard to improve their science curricula and instruction. (This can be explained further).
A desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of a situation, circumstance, or phenomenon. If the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A is the topic, the researcher must explain his earnest desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of the situation so that he will be in a better position to initiate remedial measures.
A desire to discover something. In connection with the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A, the researcher may have the desire to discover what is wrong with the instruction and a desire to discover better ways of teaching the subject. He may discuss his desire to discover such things.
Geographical Conditions of the Study Locale. This is necessary in anthropological and economic studies. If the subject of investigation is rice production, then the terrain, soil, climate, rainfall, etc. of the study locale have to be described.
A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem. A sentence or two should show the link between the introduction and the conducting of the researcher. Example: The researcher got very much interested in determining the status of teaching science in the high schools of Province A and so he conducted this research.
Each specific question is researchable apart from the other questions, that is, answers to each specific question can be found even without considering the other questions. Each specific question must be based upon known facts and phenomena. Answers to each specific question can be interpreted apart from the answers to other specific questions. Answers to each specific question must contribute to the development of the whole research problem or topic. Summing up the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete development of the entire study.
The number of specific questions should be enough to cover the development of the whole research problem or study. There should be a general statement of the problem and then this should be broken up into as many sub problems or specific questions as necessary.
Example: This study was conducted to investigate all aspects of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A during the school year 2005-2006 as perceived by the science teachers and students. Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions: 1. How qualified are the teachers handling science in the high schools of Province A? 2. How effective are the methods and strategies used by the teachers in teaching science? 3. How adequate are the instructional as well as the non-instructional facilities for the teaching of science? 4. How adequate are the forms of supervisory assistance extended to the teachers relative to the teaching of science? 5. Is there any significant difference between the perceptions of the teachers and those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of science? 6. What problems are being encountered by the teachers of science? 7. What suggestions are offered by the teachers and students to improve the teaching of science? 8. What are the implications of the findings to the teaching of science?
ASSUMPTIONS
A self evident truth which is based upon a known fact or phenomenon. Every specific question is based upon an assumption. If there is no assumption, expressed or implicit, there can be no specific question.
Example:
There is no significant difference on the perception of students and teachers in the teaching of science in province A. There is no significant relationship between grades in mathematics and english
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Only terms , words, or phrases which have special or unique meanings in the study are defined. Terms should be defined operationally, that is, how they are used in the study. The researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term defined Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other publications but the researcher must acknowledge his sources. Definitions should be brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible. Acronyms should always be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known or if it used for the first time.
EXAMPLE
This investigation was conducted to determine the status of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A as perceived by the teachers and students in science classes during the school year 2005-2006. The aspects looked into were the qualifications of teachers, their methods and strategies, facilities, forms of supervisory assistance, problems and proposed solutions to problems.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
It consists of the investigators own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have bearing on the problem. It is the researchers new model which has its roots on the previous models which the researcher had studied It serves as a guide in conducting the investigation It is usually in statement form with a paradigm which expresses the relationship between the identified variables.
Example:
The effectiveness of a science instructional program depends upon the qualifications of the teachers, the effectiveness of their methods and strategies of teaching, the adequacy of facilities, the adequacy of supervisory assistance and the elimination of the problems hampering the progress
PROCESS Science
OUTPUTS
Effective Methods
Superior Science
Adequate Facilities
Instructional
Students
CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
GUIDELINES
Characteristics of the Materials Cited 1. The materials must be as recent as possible. 2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. 3. Materials must be relevant to the study 4. Materials must not be too few but not too many.
What to Cite
It should discussed only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation. Generally such findings are summarized, paraphrased, or synthesized
Quoting a Material
A material may be quoted if the idea is so perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is not too long. It is written single spaced with wider margins at the left and right sides of the paper without any quotation marks.
Example:
Suppose the ff is a quotation: Said Enriquez, Praise is an important factor in childrens learning. It encourages them to study their lessons harder. Praise, however, should be given very appropriately.1
CHAPTER III
Methods of Research and Procedures
Method Of Research
The method of research used whether historical, descriptive, etc. should be explained briefly. The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed.
Example:
The descriptive method of research was used in this study. This study describes the present status of the teaching of science in high schools in Province A in terms of current conditions, practices, situations, or any phenomena etc.
SAMPLING DESIGN
It must explain: 1. The size of the population 2. The study population 3. The margin or error and the proportion of the study population used 4. The type or technique of sampling used 5. The actual computation of the sample 6. The sample
CONSTRUCTION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
Doing library search Talking to knowledgeable people. Mastering the guidelines Writing the questionnaire Editing the questionnaire Rewriting the questionnaire Pretesting the questionnaire
Are the spaces where you wrote your replies sufficient? Are the number of options from which you selected your response enough? Were you not forced to select an option which is not exactly your choice because your actual choice was not among the options given? Is the questionnaire too long that it creates boredom? What suggestions can you give to improve the questionnaire?
Group the questions in logical sequence. Create sufficient number of response categories. Word carefully or avoid questions that deal with confidential or embarrassing information. Explain and illustrate difficult questions. State all questions affirmatively. Make as many questions as would supply adequate information for the study.
Add a catch-all word or phrase to options of multiple response questions. Place all spaces for replies at the left side. Make the respondents anonymous.
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
General Direction: Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully and honestly. Please rest assured that any information that you supply will be treated with the greatest confidentiality and anonymity. I. Personal Profile Age: Address: Sex: Civil Status:
I. 1.
Educational Qualifications of Teachers Please put a check mark before the degree to which your own degree or degrees correspond. ____BSEd _____BS ____BEEd _____AB ____BECEd _____MA/PhD _____(others pls.specify)
II. Methods of Teaching Used Please put a check mark before the methods of teaching you are using and another check mark opposite the methods used under the appropriate headings to show how effective such methods are and how often you are using them. Use the following guides: On Effectiveness On Frequency VE means very effective VO Means very often E means effective O means often FE means fairly effective FO means fairly often I means ineffective S means seldom VI means very ineffective NA means not using at all
Method
Effectiveness Frequency
VE E FE I VI VO O FO S NA __Cooperative learning __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __Deductive __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __Inductive __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __Field trips __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __Seminar __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __Process approach __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __