Ethernet Principle

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the technical background of the Ethernet and its basic concepts

Describe the common Ethernet equipment and their working principle

Understand the function of VLAN

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page2

Contents
1. Ethernet Concept 2. Ethernet Port Technology 3. VLAN Basis

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page3

Ethernet MAC Address

00.e0.fc.39.80.34

MAC address includes 48 bits and it is shown as 12 dotted hexadecimal notations MAC address is exclusive globally which is allotted and managed by IEEE. Every MAC address is composed of two parts. The first 24 bits part is the vendor code and the other 24 bits part is serial number

If 48 bits are all 1, it means the address is used for broadcast

If the 8th bit is 1, it means the address is used for multicast 10111011 00111010 10111010 10111110 10101000

00000001

It means this is a multicast address.

Do you know why IP address is not fixed as MAC?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page4

Ethernet Frame Structure

46---1500 bytes

DMAC

SMAC

Length/T

DATA/PAD

FCS

64---1518 bytes
Length/Type Mean Type of the frame

Ethernet_II
802.3

Length/T > 1500

Length/T <= 1500

Length of the frame

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Page5

Ethernet Principle---CSMA/CD

CS: carrier sense

Sense before sending data to ensure the cable is idle and reduce collision.

MA: multiple access

The data from every station can be received by other multiple stations.

CD: collision detection

Detect collision while sending data and stop it when the station find collision then continue to send after waiting for a random time.

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Page6

Working Principle of HUB

OUT IN

OUT

OUT

OUT

HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet, It is half duplex.

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Collision Domain
LAN

LAN

LAN

HUB

LAN

LAN

HUB only repeats all the signals coming from connected LAN and all the physical equipment construct a collision domain.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page8

Defects of Traditional Ethernet

The transmission efficiency is low in case of many hosts connected

A lot of collisions Broadcast storm

No security
Use HUBs to construct the LAN as a sharing Ethernet

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Page9

L2 Work Mode
(BRIDGE/Ethernet switch/L2) equipment work mode
Application layer Presentation layer Conversation layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Data link layer Physical layer Data link layer Physical layer Application layer Presentation layer

L2 switch

Conversation layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer

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Page10

L2 Work Principle
Segment 1 Segment 2

A
PORT 1 B switch
typical use of the switch

C PORT 2

MAC ADD.
MAC A MAC B

port
1 1

Learning based on source

MAC C
MAC D

2
2

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L2 Work Principle (Cont.)

Forwarding based on destination address

MAC ADD. MAC A MAC B port 1 1 2 2

MACD

MACA
Port 1

MAC C MAC D

Port 2

L2 Switch

MACA

MACD

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L2 Switch Principle

Receive all the data frames from the network segment Save the source MAC addresses of the received frames to establish MAC

address table( self-learning based on source address) and maintain the

address table by aging mechanism

Check the MAC address table to find out the port corresponding to the destination address. If it is the receiving port, it will take the frame; if it is not the receiving port, the data will be broadcasted to all the other ports (except the source port)

Forward broadcast and multicast frames to all other ports (except the

source port)

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Page13

Three Switch Modes

Cut-Through

Switch forward the frame immediately after it receive destination address Short time delay Switch dont check the error

Store-and-Forward

Switch forward the frame after it receive the whole frame

Long time delay

Switch check the error so no error frame will be forwarded

Fragment-free

Switch forward the frame after it receive 64 bytes( the shortest frame length)

Integrate the advantage of the cut-through and store-and-forward mode

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Broadcast Domain
Broadcast domain
LAN

collision domain
LAN LAN

SWITCH
collision domain collision domain

LAN

LAN

collision domain

collision domain

L2 will forward the received frames according to the MAC address so collision domain is limited to one port. But it can not limit the broadcast domain.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page15

Contents
1. Ethernet Concept 2. Ethernet Port Technology 3. VLAN Basis

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page16

Ethernet Connection Requirements

Ethernet connection must ensure the performance of the network

Bandwidth
Delay

Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:

Increase the overall network bandwidth

Build switching Ethernet, and use bandwidth exclusively.

Increase link rate: 10M--100M--1000M

Decrease the number of equipment attached to the same shared medium

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Page17

Transmission Distance of Fast Ethernet

Technical Standard 100BaseTX Types of Cable Transmission Distance 100m

2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair

100BaseT4 100BaseFX 1000BaseCX 1000BaseT 1000BaseSX

4 pairs EIA/TIA Type 3, 4 and 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable Copper shielded twisted-pair Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair, 4 pair Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use 850nm laser

100m 550m-2km 25m 100m 550m/275m

EIA: Electronics Industries Association TIA: Telecommunications Industries Association

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Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation

If there is no auto-negotiation mechanism, the following problems will arise:

Cannot realize the auto dual-rate configuration function of the

port (such as 10Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s)

Cannot confirm the operation mode of duplex

Cannot confirm whether it's in need of the flow-control function

or not

If both of the equipment provide auto-negotiation then, it is

the best choice.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page19

Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation (Cont.)

The basic mechanism of the auto-negotiation function is to encapsulate the negotiation message into the link integration test pulse.

Fast link pulse

16ms

Every pulse includes 16 digital sequence

Fast link pulse includes a series of clock/digital sequence comprised of link integration test pulse.
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Auto-Negotiation
Half-Duplex
10M 100M 1000M 10G

Full-Duplex
Support Support Support Support

Support Support -

If one device can not support auto-negotiation, the other device that can support auto-negotiation will work at the default work method.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page21

Auto-Negotiation on Optical Fiber

For the optical fiber Ethernet, the conclusion is:

The operation modes at two ends of the link must be manually configured (speed, duplex modes, flow-control and etc.)

The auto-negotiation of Gigabit Ethernet has been realized

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page22

Flow Control

The function of flow control is to prevent frames from being lost in case of congestion

Under half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved by backpressure technology

Under full duplex mode, the flow control generally abides by standard IEEE 802.3x

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Page23

Half Duplex Flow Control

Pretend that there is collision, then you will not constantly transfer!

backpressure

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Page24

Full Duplex Flow Control

IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method named PAUSE frame, to realize the flow control in the full duplex environment.

PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address which wouldn't be repeated by bridge or switch
Stop
PAUSE Frame

Congestion

DATA Frame

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page25

Contents
1. Ethernet Concept 2. Ethernet Port Technology 3. VLAN Basis

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page26

Disadvantage of Full Duplex and L2 Switch

Full duplex and L2 make Ethernet progress, resolve the conflict problem and improve the Ethernet performance. Furthermore the security is enhanced to some extent. But the following disadvantages are still in the Ethernet:

Broadcast flooding Security cant be guaranteed completely

Broadcast flooding is the main disadvantage of L2 switch

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Page27

Cause of VLAN Generation--Broadcast Storm

broadcast

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Prevent Broadcast Storm

Broadcast domain1 Broadcast domain3 VLAN 10 VLAN 30 Broadcast domain2 VLAN 20

Marketing Department

Financial Department

Engineering Department

Prevent Broadcast Storm via VLAN

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VLAN Based on MAC or Port

Switch
Port 1

Switch
Port 10

Port 7 Port 3

MAC A

MAC B

MAC C

MAC D

PC A

PC B

PC C

PC D

MAC
MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D

VLAN
5 10 5 10

Port
Port 1 Port 3 Port 7 Port 10

VLAN
5 10 5 10

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Page30

VLAN Based on Protocol or Subnet

Switch Switch

IPX

IP

UDP

IP

1.1.1.1/24

1.1.2.1/24

1.1.3.1/24 2.1.1.1/24

Protocol
IPX UDP IP .

VLAN
5 10 2 11

IP
1.1.1.1/24 1.1.2.1/24 1.1.3.1/24 .

VLAN
5 10 2 11

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Page31

Frame Format of VLAN

DA SA Type Data CRC

Standard Ethernet Frame

DA

SA

tag

Type

Data TCI

CRC

TPID

Priority

CFI

VLAN ID

Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag

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Page32

Frame Changes in Network Communication

Ethernet frame with VLAN tag 1

VLAN 2

VLAN 1

Ethernet frame without VLAN flag Ethernet frame with VLAN tag 2

VLAN 1

VLAN 2

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Page33

Ethernet Card Port Tag Mode

Packets Tag flag Port Tag aware (In) Tag aware (Out) Access (In) Transmit transparently Transmit transparently Drop Remove the Tag flag (default VLAN ID) Transmit transparently If VLAN ID is the same, remove Hybrid (Out) the Tag flag, otherwise transmit transparently Drop Untag flag

Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN

ID) Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN ID)

Access (Out)

Hybrid (In)

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Page34

Advantage and Disadvantage of VLAN

VLAN technology resolves the broadcast problem and enhances the communication security.

Disadvantage of VLAN:

Improve the bandwidth utilization rate by dividing a physically interconnected network into several small logic networks. But what should we do if different VLANs need to communicate with each other?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page35

Questions

Please describe the working mechanism of L2 Switch?

What is the advantage of VLAN?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page36

Summary

Ethernet Concept Ethernet Port Technology VLAN Basis

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page37

Thank you
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