CELLULAR TELEPHONY

Prepared by: L. Macam

MOBILE TELEPHONY
First Generation (1G) systems
were analog with reasonably reliable networks but limited service offerings and did not permit roaming between networks.

MOBILE TELEPHONY
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems
are digital and bring significant advantages in terms of sophistication, capacity and quality. GSM GPRS Other standards and features: Intelligent network (IN) feaures mobile positioning features SMS (Short Message Service)

MOBILE TELEPHONY
Third Generation systems
Will allow communication, information and entertainment services to be delivered via wireless terminals.
Example: Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS)

1G Analog Cellular Voice

2G Digital Cellular Voice/data

3G Digital Cellular Voice/high-speed data

AMPS TACS

CDMA GSM

1XRtt GPRS

CDMA2000 W_CDMA

80

1992

1999

2001

2003

AMPS TACS CDMA GSM GPRS

Advanced Mobile Telephone System Total Access Communication System Code Division Multiple Access Global System for Mobile Communication General Packet Radio Service

HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Date Activity

1906
1915 1921 1930s

Reginald Fesseden successfully transmitted human voice over radio.

J. A. Fleming invents the vacuum tube making it possible to build mobile radios. One-way radio messaging service started by Detroit Police Department. It used a 2Mhz frequency in the departments first vehicular mobile radio. Amplitude Modulation (AM), two-way mobile systems in place in the US took advantage of newly developed mobile transmitters and push-to-talk halfduplex transmission. FM radio was patented; Edwin H. Armstrong invented it. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to minimize static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere, in the audio program. FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service as Domestic Public Land Mobile (DPLM) radio service.

1935

1940s

HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Date Activity

1947 1948
1949 1958 1964 1968 1969 1973

D.H Ring working at Bell Laboratories, envisions the cellular concept. Shockley, Bardeen and Brittain at Bell Laboratories, invent the transistor which enables electronic equipment including radio to be miniaturized.
Radio Common Carriers (RCCs) were recognized. Bell Systems made broadband proposals. AT&Ts Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) eliminated the need for push-to-talk operation and offered automatic dialing. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened Docket 18262 to address questions regarding spectrum reallocation. The first comprehensice international standardization group was formed. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) group is composed of Nordic countries. The NMT group specifies a feature allowing mobile telephones to be located within and across networks. This becomes the basis for roaming.

HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Date 1979 1981 Activity FCC authorized experimental cellular systems launched in Chicago and the Washington, D.C./Baltimore region. Ericsson launches the worlds first cellular system in Saudi Arabia based on the analog NMT 450 standard.

1991
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

The first digital cellular standard (GSM) is launched.

Mobile subscribers world-wide number 200 million. The GPRS packet data standard released. First 3G test network built in Monaco, Isle of Man and Sweden and first 3G licenses auctioned in UK First successful test calls made on 3G networks TDMA networks in the Americas moving to GSM

MAIN CELLULAR STANDARDS

Year 1981 1983 1985 Standard NMT 450 AMPS TACS Mobile Telephone System Nordic Mobile Telephony Advanced Mobile Phone System Total Access Communication System Technology Analogue Analogue Analogue Primary Markets Europe-Middle East North and South America Europe and China

1986
1991 1991

NMT 900
GSM TDMA (D-AMPS) (IS136)

Nordic Mobile Telephony

Global System for Mobile communication Time-Division Multiple Access

Analogue
Digital Digital

Europe-Middle East
World-wide North and South America

(Digital-AMPS)
Codedivisionmultipleaccess One Digital N. America Korea

1993

CdmaOne (IS95)

MAIN CELLULAR STANDARDS

Year 1992 1994 1995 Standard GSM 1800 PDC PCS 1900 Mobile Telephone System Global System for Mobile communication Personal Digital Cellular Personal Communication Services Technology Digital Digital Digital Primary Markets Europe-Middle East North and South America Europe and China

2001

GSM 800

Global System for Mobile communication

Digital

Europe-Middle East

GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS

AuC Authentication Center BTS Base Transceiver Station HLR Home Location Register MSC Mobile services Switching Center BSC Base Station Controller EIR Equipmenr Identity Registry MS Mbile Station VLR Visitor Location Register

GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS

SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)
performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It controls calls to and from other telephony and data systems. Gateway Functionality - Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a networks HLR in order to route a call to a Mobile Station (MS).

SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Home Location Register (HLR)
- a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. The information stored includes: Subscriber identity Subscriber supplementary services Subscriber location information Subscriber authentication information

SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Authentication Center (AuC) - it authenticates the subscribers attempting to use a network.

SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- a database containing mobile equipment identity information which helps to block calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective MSs.

BASE STATION COMPONENTS

Base Station Controller (BSC)
- it manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM network. - it is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS handover, radio channel assignment and the collection of a cell configuration data.

BASE STATION COMPONENTS

Base Transceiver Station - controls the radio interface to the MS.

- comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and antennas which are needed to serve each cell in the network.

NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
- a computerized monitoring center which is connected to other network components. - the status of the network and can monitor and control a variety of system parameters.

NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Network Management Center (NMC)
- centralized control of the network is done here - only one NMC is required for a network and this controls the subordinate OMCs.

MOBILE STATION (MS)

An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. GSM MSs consists of:
A mobile terminal
A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

GSM GEOGRAPHICAL NETWORK STRUCTURE

CELL A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area of radio coverage given by one BS antenna system. Each cell is assigned a unique number called Cell Global Identity (CGI).

CELL
The hexagon shape was chosen because it provides the most effective transmission by approximating a circular pattern while eliminating gaps inherently present between adjacent circles.

CELL
The physical size of a cell varies depending on a user density and calling patterns. Macrocells (large cells) typically have a radius between 1 mile and 15 miles with base station transmit powers between 1w and 6w. Microcells (smallest cells) typically have a radius of 1500 feet or less with base station transmit powers between 0.1W and 1W. Picocell is used indoors, where cellular radio signals are week to provide reliable communications.

LOCATION AREA (LA)

A Location Area is defined as a group of cells. Within the network a subscribers location is linked to the LA in which they are currently located.
The identity of the current LA is stored in the VLR.

MSC SERVICE AREA

An MSC service area is made up of a number of Las and represents the geographic part of the network controlled by one MSC. The subscribers MSC service area is stored in the HLR.

PLMN SERVICE AREA

A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) service area is the entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers a radio coverage and access to its network.

GSM SERVICE AREA

The GSM service area is the entire geographical area in which a subscriber can gain access the to a GSM network to. The GSM service area increases as more operators sign contracts agreeing to work together.
GSM Service Area

GSM FREQUENCY BANDS

As GSM has at fogrown worldwidw, it has expanded to operate ur main frequency bands: 900, 1800, 1900 and 800.

WIRELESS CONCEPTS
Channels
A channel is a frequency or set of frequencies which can be allocated for the transmission, and possibly the receipt, of information. It is an important factor in determining the capacity of a mobile system.
TYPE Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex DESCRIPTION One way only Two way, only one at a time Two way, both at the same time EXAMPLES FM radio television Police radio Mobile systems

Duplex Distance
The use of full duplex requires that uplink and downlink transmission are separated in frequency by a minimum distance.

Carrier Separation
Every mobile system includes a carrier separation.
This is the distance on the frequency band between channels being transmitted in the same direction. This is required to avoid overlapping of information in one channel into an adjacent channel. In GSM the carrier separation is fixed at 200 kHz.

Capacity and Frequency Re-use

It is the number of frequencies in a cell that determines the cells capacity. A cell may have one or more frequencies allocated to it. It is important when allocating frequencies that interference is avoided.

A common factor is the use of similar frequencies close to each other.

Capacity and Frequency Re-use

The same frequencies can not be used in neighboring cells as they would interfere with each other, so special patterns of frequency usage are determined during the planning of the network.

The term frequency re-use distance is used to describe between two identical frequencies in a re-use pattern.

Transmission Rate
The amount of information transmitted over a radio channel over a period of time is known is the transmission rate.

Transmission rate is expressed in bits per second or bit/s. In GSM the net bit rate over the air interface is 270kbit/s.

Modulation Method
The modulation technique used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) and is a form of phase modulation, or phase shift keying as it is called. GMSK enables the transmission of 270 kbit/s within a 200 kHz channel. This gives a bit rate of 1.3 bit/s per Hz.

Access Method: TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

Most digital cellular systems use the technique of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to transmit and receive speech signals.
With TDMA, one carrier is used to carry a number of calls, each call using the carrier at designated periods in time. These periods of time are referred to as time slots. Each MS on a call is assigned one time slot on the uplink frequency and one on the downlink frequency. Information sent during one time slot is called a burst.

Access Method: TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots. This means that a GSM radio carrier can carry 8 calls.

Roaming and Handsoffs

Roaming is when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another possibly from one companys service area into another companys service area.

Roaming and Handsoffs

The transfer of a mobile unit from one base stations control to another base stations control is called a handoff (or handover). A hard handoff is a break-before-make process; the mobile unit breaks its connection with one base station before establishing a voice communication with a new base station.
A soft handoff is a flawless handoff that normally takes approximately 200 ms, which is imperceptible to voice telephone users.

Roaming and Handsoffs

Transmission Problems
PATH LOSS
Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker and weaker due to increasing distance between MS and BTS, even if there are no obstacles between the transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) antenna.

SHADOWING
Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including hills and buildings between BTS and the MTS.

Transmission Problems
MULTIPATH FADING
Multipath fading occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the MS or BTS, and therefore more than one signal is arriving at the receiver.

Rayleigh fading
This occurs when a signal takes more than one path netween the MS and BTS antennas. Rayleigh fading occurs when the obstacles are close to the receiving antenna.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

Bit Error Rate
BER defines the percentage of the total number of received bits which are incorrectly detected.

CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding is used to detect and correct errors in a received bit stream. It adds bits to a message. These bits enable a channel decoder to determine whether the message has faulty bits.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

ADAPTIVE MULTIRATE
With AMR, the rate of channel coding bits and the underlying speech codec rate can be adapted to suit the prevailing radio environment. AMR consists of a number of different codecs, which with the associated channel coding has been optimized for different radio environments.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

INTERLEAVING Interleaving is a process used to separate consecutive bits of a message so that these are transmitted in a nonconsecutive way.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

ANTENNA DIVERSITY
Antenna Diversity increases the received signal strength by taking advantage of the natural properties of radio waves.

Space Diversity
An increased received signal strength at the BTS may be achieved by mounting two receiver antennae instead of one. If the two Rx antennae are physically separated the probabilty that both of them are affectec by deep fading at the same time is low.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

Polarization Diversity With polarization diversity the two space diversity antennae are replaced by one dual polarized antenna. The most common types of ploarized antenna rays are vertical/horizantal and are in 45 degree slant orientation.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

Solutions to Transmission Problems

FREQUENCY HOPPING
It is possible for the BTS and MS to hop from frequency to frequency during a call. The frequency hopping for the BTS and MS is synchronized. In GSM there are 64 patterns of frequency hopping; one of them is a simple cyclic or sequential pattern. The remaining 63 are pseudo-random patterns, which an operator can choose from.

Solutions to Transmission Problems

Two types of hopping are supported by the BSC:
BASEBAND hopping involves hopping between frequencies on different tranceivers in a cell SYNTHESIZER hopping involves hopping from frequency on the same tranceiver in a cell.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

Also known as IS-95 (Interim Standard 95), proposed by Qualcomm as a cellular telephone system and standard based on spread spectrum technology with the primary goal of increasing capacity. CDMA allows users to differentiate from one another by a unique code rather than a frequency or time assignment.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through a transmission medium for one users information.

The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into individual channels according to the technology used. FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access
A channel is a frequency Each user on a different frequency

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency Each user on a different window period in time (timeslot)

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

A channel is a unique code pattern Each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

Each mobile user with a given cell, and mobile subscribers in adjacent cells use the same radiofrequency channel. This is made possible because of direct-sequence, spread-spectrum CDMA system and does not follow the channelization principles of traditional cellular radio communication systems.

Interference is incorporated into the system so that there is no limit to the number of subscribers that it can support.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

Subscribers data change in real time, depending on the voice activity and requirements of the network and other users of the network. IS-95 also specifies a different modulation and spreading technique for the forward and reverse channels.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

On the forward channel, the base station simultaneously transmit user data from all current mobile units in that cell by using different spreading sequences for each users transmission. On the reverse link, all mobile units respond in an asynchronous manner with a constant signal level controlled by the base station.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

CDMA reduces the importance of frequency planning within a given cellular network. Each CDMA channel is allocated a 1.25 Mhz frequency sprectrum for each oneway CDMA communications channel. With CDMA, users can share common transit and receive channel with a transmission data rate of 9.6 kbps. Subscriber information is spread by a factor of 128 to a channel chip rate of 1.2288 Mchips/s, and transmit and receive channels use different spreading process. Uplink channel data streams are encoded using a rate convolution code while downlink channel are encoded using a rate 1/3 convolution code.

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Each users narrowband signal hops among discrete frequencies, and the receiver follows in sequence Is NOT currently used in wireless systems, although used in the military

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

Narrowband input from a user is coded (spread) by a userunique broadband code, then transmitted Broadband signal is received; receiver knows, applies users code, recovers users data Is the method used in CDMA commercial systems

CELL PLANNING
INTRODUCTION
Cell planning can be described as all activities involved in:
Selecting the sites for the radio equipment Selecting the radio equipment Configuring the equipment

Every cellular network requires cell planning in order to provide adequate coverage and call quality.

CELLS
A cell may be defined as an area of radio coverage from one BTS antenna system.
It is the smallest building block in a mobile network and is the reason why mobile nteworks are often referred to as cellular networks.

Typically, cells are represented graphically by hexagons.

Two Main Types of Cell

OMNI DIRECTIONAL CELL
An omnidirection cell (or omnicell) is served by a BTS with an antenna which transmits equally in all directions (360 degrees). Typically used to gain coverage

Two Main Types of Cell

SECTOR CELL
A sector cell is the area of coverage from an antenna, which transmits, in a given direction only. This may be equal to 120 degrees or 180 degrees of an equivalent omni-directional cell. Two-sectored sites and three-sectored sites Typically used to gain capacity

CELL PLANNING PROCESS

The major activities involved in the cell planning process are shown below.

[1] TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS

The cell planning process is started by a traffic and coverage analysis. The analysis should produce information about the geographical area and the expected capacity need.

[1] TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS

The Erlang (E) is a unit of measurement of traffic intensity. It can be calculated with the following formula:

[1] TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS

The geographical distribution of the traffic demand can be calculated using demographic data, such as:
Population distribution Car usage distribution Income level distribution Land usage data Telephone usage statistics Other factors, such as subscription charges, call charges, and costs of mobile stations

[1] TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS

Calculation of required number of BTSs To determine the number and layout of BTSs the number of subscribers and the Grade Of Service (GOS) have to be known.

The GOS is the percentage of allowed congested calls and defines the quality of the service.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

A sample planning tool, Test Mobile System (TEMS) CellPlanner, includes a prediction package which provides:
coverage prediction composite coverage synthesis co-channel interference predictions adjacent channel interference predictions

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

For example, if there are doubts about the risks of time dispersion at a particular site the following steps could be taken:
o The site location could be changed o The site could be measured with respect to time dispersion o The site could be analyzed with a carrier-toreflection ratio (C/R) prediction tool

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Radio propagation
In reality, hexagons are extremely simplified models of radio coverage patterns because radio propagation is highly dependent on terrain and other factors. The problems of path loss, shadowing and multipath fading all affect the coverage of an area.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

The maximum radius of a GSM cell is 35km. In areas where large coverage with small capacity is required, it is possible to allocate two consecutive TDMA time slots to one subscriber on a call.

This enables a maximum distance from the BTS of 70km.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Frequency Re-use
A fundamental principle in the design of cellular systems is the frequency reuse patterns. Frequency Reuse is defined as the use of radio channels on the same carrier frequency, covering geographically different areas.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Interference
Co-channel Interference (C/I)
The carriertointerference ratio (C/I) is defined as the ratio of the level of the received desired signal to the level of the received undesired signal. This C/I ratio is dependent on the instantaneous position of the mobile and is due to irregular terrain and various shapes, types and numbers of local scatterers. GSM states C/I > 9dB, with frequency hopping implemented, and recommends C/I > 12dB when frequency hopping is not employed.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

This C/I ratio is influenced by the following factors:
The location of the MS Local geographical and type of local scatter BTS antenna type, site elevation and position

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Adjacent channel interference (C/A)
The carriertoadjacent ratio (C/A) is defined as the relation in dB in signal strength between the serving and an adjacent frequency. The GSM specification states that the carrier-to-adjacent ratio (C/A) must be larger than -9dB. It is recommended that higher than 3dB be used planning criterion.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Cluster
A cluster is a group of cells available frequencies have been once and only once. The re-use pattern recommended for GSM are the 4/12 and the 3/9 pattern. 4/12 means that there are four three-sector sites supporting twelve cells using twelve frequency groups.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

The 4/12 cell pattern is in common use by GSM network operators.

[2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

In the 3/9 cell pattern there are always 9 channels separating each frequency in a cell.

[3] SURVEYS
Site Surveys
Site surveys are performed for all proposed site locations. The following must be checked for each site:
Exact location Space for equipment, including antennas Cable run Power facilities Contract with site owner

[3] SURVEYS
Radio measurements
Radio measurements are performed to adjust the parameters used in the planning tool to reality. That is, adjustment made to meet the specific climate and terrain requirements. A test transmitter is mounted on a vehicle, and signal strength is measured while driving around the site area. Afterwards, the results from these measurements can be compared to the values the planning tool produced when simulating the same type of transmitter.

[4] SYSTEM DESIGN

Once the planning parameters have been adjusted to match the actual measurements, dimensioning of the BSC, TRC and MSC/VLR can be adjusted and the final plan produced. As the name implies, this plan can then be used for system installation.

[5] & [6] IMPLEMENTATION AND TUNING

System installation, commissioning, and testing are performed following the final cell planning and system design.

[5] & [6] IMPLEMENTATION AND TUNING

Once the system has been installed, it is continuously monitored to determined how well it meets demand. This is called system tuning. It involves:
Checking that the final plan was implemented successfully Evaluating costumer complaints Checking that the network performance is acceptable Changing parameters and taking other measurements, if necessary

[7] SYSTEM GROWTH/CHANGE

HEIRARCHICAL CELL STRACTURE (HCS)
The feature HEIRARCHICAL CELL STRACTURE (HCS) divides the cell network into up to 8 layers. The higher are used for larger cells and the lower layers for small cells. The different cell layers can be seen as a priority designation with the lower layer as the highest priority. Thus, when selecting a BCCH carrier, an MS will choose an acceptable signal, in as low a layer as possible.

[7] SYSTEM GROWTH/CHANGE

OVERLAID / UNDERLAID SUBCELLS
The OVERLAID / UNDERLAID SUBCELLS features provides a way to increase the traffic capacity in a cellular network without building new sites. A set of channels in a BST is assigned to transmit at a certain power level. These are the under laid subcell channels.

Another set of channels in the same BTS is assigned to transmit at a lower power level. These are the overlaid subcells channels.

[7] SYSTEM GROWTH/CHANGE

BCCH IN OVERLAID SUBCELL
The main overlaid subcell goal of the feature BCCH in Overlaid subcell is to allow tighter re-use of BCCH carrier frequencies. This is achieved by configuring a BCCH carrier in the Overlaid subcell and distributing the TCH traffic between Overlaid and Underlaid subcells. To ensure that the BCCH can be received in the whole cell, the output power of the BCCH carrier in the overlaid subcell shall be the same as if it had been in the underlaid subcell.

[7] SYSTEM GROWTH/CHANGE

Introducing BCCH in overlaid subcell, in a network where the BCCH is not frequency hopping, it gives the following benefits:
Possibility to substantially tighter the frequency reuse for the no hopping BCCH carrier. Reduced need for investment in new sites/cells due to increased capacity in existing cells. Better speech quality since frequency hopping traffic channels will used at the cell borders. BCCH-frequency used for traffic in a smaller cell area, that is the overlaid area (OL)

Review Questions
1. Using a cellular phone outside your home service area a. Long distance communications b. Roaming c. Global communications d. Jamming 2. What is the meaning of AMPS which is the standard for analogue cellular telephones? a. Advanced mobile phone service b. Automatic mobile phone system c. Analog Mobile passband system d. Amplitude Mixing phone standard

Review Questions
3. The time spent on a cellular telephone which is usually billed to the subscriber on a per minutes system. a. Time division system b. Airtime c. Duration d. Interval 4. Channel is known as the width of the spectrum which is measured in kilohertz (kHz). What is the width of the channel used by most analog cellular phones? a. 50kHz b. 60kHz c. 40kHz d. 30kHz

Review Questions
5. A digital technology that uses a low power signal spread across a wide bandwidth. With this technology, a phone call is assigned a code instead of a certain frequency. Using the identifying code and a low power signal, a large number of callers can use the same group of channels. a. Time division multiple access b. Pulse code division multiplexing c. Pulse multiple access d. Code division multiple access 6. A central computer that connects a cellular phone call to the public telephone network. It controls the entire systems operation, including monitoring calls, billing and handouts. a. Personal communications services b. Wide area network computer c. Mobile telephone switching office d. International standards organization

Review Questions
7. What is the meaning of IS-54 which is the dual mode (analog and digital cellular standard in North America?) in the analog mode, this conforms to the Advanced Mobile Phone Service. a. Interim standard number 54 b. International standard number 54 c. Integrated system number 54 d. Industry standard number 54 8. A phone that operates on both analog and digital networks. a. Dual system b. Coupled system c. Paired-mode system d. Dual-mode system

Review Questions
9. The geographic area by a single low-power transmitter/receiver. It categorizes a cellular systems service area. a. Channel b. Service area c. Site d. Cell 10. Radio frequencies assigned in one channel in a cellular system are limited to boundaries of a signal cell because of their low power. The carrier is free to use the frequencies again in other cells in the system without causing interference. What do you call this method? a. Frequency assignment b. Channel utilization c. Frequency reuse d. Optimum frequency assignment

Review Questions
11. A loosely defined future universal telecommunications services that will allow anytime, anywhere voice and data communication with personal communication devices. a. Personal communication system b. Universal telephone services c. Personal handy phone d. Nation wide communication services 12. A special fee that local telephone companies are allowed to charge all telephone costumers for the right to connect with the local phone network. a. Airtime fee b. Access fee c. Connection fee d. Mandatory fee

Review Questions
13. A means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing or splitting cells into two or more smaller cells. a. Spectrum allocation b. Cell allocation c. Channel splitting d. Cell splitting 14. A process that provides security for wireless information. Information is encoded so that it can be ready by a device with a matching decoding procedure. a. Wireless decoder b. Cellular decoder c. Encryption d. decoder

Review Questions
15. An important safety features thats included with most of todays car phones. It permits the driver to use his cellular car phone without lifting or holding the headset to his ear. a. Hands-free b. Hands-off c. Handy phone d. Safety phone 16. A cellular phone features that automatically blows the cars horn if a calls comes in, alerting the recipient standing nearby. a. Alert mode b. Warning horn c. Call horn d. Alert mode

Review Questions
17. An important feature of a cellular phone subscribing of a voice mail which indicates a light or other indicator announcing that a phone call came in. a. Alert mode b. Call alert c. Message alert d. Voice mail alert 18. A sophisticated service provider by a cellular carrier that automatically transfers an incoming cellular call to another phone number if the cellular subscribing is unable to answer. a. Call forwarding b. Call transfer c. Call waiting d. No-answer transfer

Review Questions
19. The period of time during which the carriers offer discounted airtime charges, usually available after 10 p.m. And before 6 a.m., on weekends and holidays. a. Night time b. Lean time c. Off-peak d. Peak 20. The standard cellular antenna for a car which prefers to the spring-like section in the lower third of the antenna known as a phasing coil. a. Pigtail antenna b. Omnidirectional antenna c. Whip antenna d. Flexible antenna

Review Questions
21. The type of cellular phone which is installed in a car or truck. This unit is attached to the vehicle, draws its power from the vehicles battery and has an external antenna. a. Mobile or car phone b. Portable c. Electronic phone d. Enhanced cellular phone 22. A protected database that holds a copy of the secret key stored in each subscribers SIM card a. HLR b. VLR c. AuC d. EIR

Review Questions
23. The time which a cellular subscriber uses a carriers service charge per unit time of call a. Talk time b. Air time c. Stand-by time d. Hands off time 24. The subscribers Identity Module (SIM) Card for GSM contains a/n ____ number that identifies the user to the network along with other user and security information. a. IMEI b. IMSI c. ESN d. MIN

Review Questions
25. The module technique in cellular communications wherein each message is assigned with a frequency, which is unique to a particular cell. a. NBFM b. NBDT c. PCM d. Modem 26. A channel used for the transformation of supervisory information for a cell site to a mobile station or vice versa. a. Speech b. Control c. Common d. Voice

Review Questions
27. The database for good and known IMEIs a. White b. Black c. Grey d. Red 28. A means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing cells into two or more smaller cells. a. Spectrum allocation b. Cell allocation c. Channel splitting d. Cell splitting

Review Questions
29. A database used for management of mobile subscriber. a. HLR b. VLR c. MSC d. EIR 30. The following are the supervisory audio tones used in cellular phones except a. 5970 Hz b. 6000 Hz c. 6030 Hz d. 3925 Hz

Review Questions
31. A special signal tone that is transmitted to the cell site to free the voice channe; when the mobile terminates a cell. a. 10 KHz b. 20 KHz c. 30 KHz d. 25 KHz 32. In the CDMA cellular technology, the signal meant for a given user is tagged with a distinctive ________ pattern that only the users receiver can recognize. a. PIN Code b.PN Code c. SIM Code d. IMSI

Review Questions
33. In a cellular network , if you split a cell originally containing a maximum of 20 channels into two cells, the theoretical total channel capacity is a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 34. In wireless communications, a radio channel consists of _____ frequencies with in the RF spectrum, which allow a cell site and a wireless phone to transmit and receive signals simultaneously. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d.5

Review Questions
35. A GSM security measure which is designed to prevent eavesdropping of user data on the radio path a. IMSI b. TMSI c. IMEI d. MSRN 36. The uplink frequency range for GSM900 a. 935 960 MHz b. 890 915 MHz c. 935 960 MHz d. 890 915 MHz

Review Questions
39. This is the Nordic analogue mobile radio telephone system originally used in Scandinavia a. NMT b. GSM c. PCN d. PCS 40. It is a one-way wireless messaging allows continues accessibility to someone away from the wired communications network. a. Paging b. Trunked radio c. Cellular telephony d. Text messaging

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41. The following are parts of the Trunked Radio System except a. Channels b. Central controller c. Antenna and tower d. 48 volts power supply

42. The method of dividing the channel into three time slots, each lasting a fraction of a second, so a single channel can be used to handle three simultaneous calls. This method increases the channel capacity by chopping the signal into pieces and assigning each one to a different time slot. This digital standard was established by the cellular industry in 1989. a. Code Division Multiple Access b. Time-Frequency Division Multiple Access c. Pulse Division Multiple Access d. Time Division Multiple Access

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43. What is the meaning of AMPS, which is the standard for analog cellular telephones? a. Advanced Mobile Phone Service b. Automatic Mobile Phone System c. Analog Mobile Passband System d. Amplitude Mixing Phone Standard 44. A central computer that connects a cellular phone call to the public telephone network. It controls the entire systems operation, including monitoring calls, billing and handofs. a. Personal Communication Service b. Wide Area Network Computer c. Mobile Telephone Switching Office d. International Standards Organization

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45. A phone that operates on both analog and digital networks a. dual system b. coupled system c. pair-mode phone d. dual-mode phone 46. The geographic area served by a single low-power transmitter/receiver. It categorizes a cellular systems service area. a. channel b. service area c. site d. cell

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47. Radio frequencies assigned to one channel in a cellular system are limited to boundaries of a single cell because of their low power. The carrier is free to use the frequencies again in other cells in the system without causing any interference. What do you call this method? a. Frequency assignment b. Channel utilization c. Frequency Re-use d. Optimum Frequency assignment 48. What is the meaning of DSS? a. Digital Service System b. Dynamic Service System c. Data Signal Standard d. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

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49. Cellular systems are designed so that a phone call can be initiated while driving in one cell and continued no matter how many cells are driven through. What is the method of transferring to a new call which is designed to be transparent to the cellular phone user? a. Call Transferring b. Call monitoring c. Call forwarding d. Handoff 50. What is the meaning of TDMA? a. Time Data Multiple Access b. Telephone Data Multiple Access c. Time Division Multiple Access d. Telecommunications Digital Data Access

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51. The means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing or splitting cells into two or more smaller cells. a. Spectrum allocation b. Cell allocation c. Channel splitting d. Cell splitting 52. This is known as SIM card which contains the subscribers phone number and billing information as well as memory to store phone numbers. a. Security Identification Number b. subscriber Identification Memory c. Subscriber Identity Module d. Security Information Module

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53. This is automatically transmitted to the base station every time a cellular call is placed so the Mobile Switching Center can check the validity of the call, that the phone has not been reported stolen, that the users monthly bill has been paid before permitting the call to go through. Each cellular phone is assigned with this number. a. Electronic Serial Number b. Enhanced Series Number c. Electronic Support Number d. Electronic Series Number

54. Using a cellular phone outside your home service area. a. Long Distance Communication b. Roaming c. Global communications d. Jamming

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55. GPRS stands for a. General Packet Radio Service b. Generic Protocol Radio Service c. General Protocol for Radio Service d. Gateway Procedure for Radio Service 56. What is the meaning of GSM, which is the digital standard for Europe? a. Global Signal Modulation b. Global System Memory c. Group Signal for Mobile Services d. Global System for Mobile Communications