Introduction To Web Technologies: We Enable You To Leverage Knowledge Anytime, Anywhere!

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Introduction to Web Technologies

Day 1
ER/CORP/CRS/OS41/003
Ver. No.: 4.0
Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.
Course Objectives
To introduce the general concepts of computer networks, internetworking, network architecture and network security. To introduce the Client Server concepts, WWW, and Web application development To provide the overview of Web application performance, Securing the web application and mobile web application.
Course Agenda
Day1 Basics of Computer Networks Network Architecture
OSI-ISO reference Model
Day2 Client Server Concepts Introduction to World Wide Web Web Application
Network Components Internetworking IP addressing Concept of Sub-Networking
Day3 Network Security

Proxy server Firewall VPN
Security of Web Applications Web Application Performance
Session Plan - Day1

Basics of Computer Networks Network Architecture
Network Components Internetworking-Internet IP addressing Concept of Sub-Networking

References
James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Topdown Approach Featuring the Internet, Pearson International, 3rd Edition, 2005. William Stallings, Business Data Communications, 5/E, Prentice Hall, 2005. Douglas E Comer, Internet Book, The: Everything You Need to Know About Computer Networking and How the Internet Works, 4/E, Prentice Hall, 2007 William Stallings, Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 2007 Raymond Panko, Corporate Computer and Network Security, Prentice Hall, 2004 Jeffrey C. Jackson, Web Technologies: A Computer Science Perspective, Prentice Hall, 2007 http://www.ietf.org/ http://www.w3.org/ http://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.html

Basics of Computer Networks
Ver. No.: 4.0
Computer Network
A collection of computers interconnected to exchange information Need for computer networks
Intrinsically distributed information Resource sharing Computational power (load sharing) Reliability
Types of Computer Networks

Computer Networks are classified based on the communication methods and size Based on communication methods
Broadcast communication networks Point-to-Point networks
Based on the size (scale)

Local Area Networks (LAN) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Network Topology
Network Topology
Refers to how the computers are connected in a network either physically or logically Geometric representation of relationship of all the computer and interconnecting devices
Most frequently used topologies are,

Mesh, Star, Ring, Bus
Topologies are evaluated based on communication cost, installation cost, reliability.
Mesh/Completely connected Topology

Each node (computer/device) has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other node One node can choose any path to another node based on the data traffic To connect one node, in a network of n nodes, n-1 links are required
10
Star Topology
Each node (computer/device) has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central node If one node wants to send packet to another, it sends the packet to the controller/switch, which then relays the packet to the other connected node
switch
11
Ring Topology
Each node (computer/device) has a dedicated point-to-point link with the two nodes on either side of it Data packet is passed along the ring in one direction, from one node to node, until it reaches its destination
12
Bus Topology
One long cable run as a backbone (bus) to link all the nodes in the network Nodes (computer/device) are connected to the bus by drop lines
Drop line
Backbone
Terminator
13
Network Architecture
Defines the design and implementation of computer networks Has a layered approach which helps in
Reducing the design complexity Shielding the implementation details of the services
Each layer provides services to the layer above Different protocols are followed between corresponding layers in Sender and Receiver Two popularly referenced architectures are
ISO-OSI model TCP/IP model
14
Why OSI Model ?
15
ISO-OSI Reference Model

Node A Node B Application protocol
Application
Presentation
Application
Presentation protocol
Presentation
Session protocol
Session
Session Segment
Transport
Transport protocol
Transport
Network
Network protocol
Network
Packet
Data link
Data link protocol
Data link
Physical link protocol
Frame Bit
Physical
Physical
16
OSI Model Layer Functions Overview

Layer Name Application Presentation Functions Allow access to network for communication Translation, encryption, compression, data/address format Synchronization, dialog control Deals with messages, end-to-end to message delivery Deals with packets, routing, congestion control
Session Transport Network
Data Link
Deals with frames, node-to-node delivery, error and flow control Physical Deals with bits, electrical specifications
Physical
17
Application Layer
Top most layer which gives services to the application Provides a means for the application process to access the environment Contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed Examples
FTP EMAIL (SMTP) RLOGIN (Telnet) WWW (HTTP) Newsgroups
18
Presentation Layer
Basically concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted Resolves common data formats Big Endian versus small Endian Deals with data compression, encryption & decryption
19
Session Layer
Allows users of different machines to establish sessions between them Manages dialogue control Provides synchronization
20
Transport Layer
The primary function of this layer is to accept data from the session layer, split it into smaller units if required and then pass these to the network layer. Deals with delivery of messages (end to end message delivery) Retransmission in case of failures Transport Layer protocols,
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ) Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX)
21
Network Layer
Primarily deals with
Routing the packets from source to destination congestion control
Network layer protocols

IP (Internet protocol), IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) protocol
22
Data link Layer

Deals with sending and receiving frames Responsible for node to node delivery
Provides error-control and flow-control

Data link layer protocols (MAC protocols)
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access protocol with Collision Detection) CSMA/CA (CSMA with Collision Avoidance) Token Passing Algorithms PPP (point-to-point) protocol HDLC (High level Data Link Control Protocol)
23
Physical Layer
Deals with physical aspects such as
raw bit transmission voltage of each bit number of bits physical connectors ( RS-232C, X.21 ) Transmission mode ( simplex, half-duplex, fullduplex)
24
Network Components
There are many different devices for interconnecting networks.
Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateway
LAN LAN LAN Repeater
Bridge
Router/Switch
IP network
X.25
Network
Gateway
LAN
25
Network Components (Contd)

Repeaters
allow to extend the physical length of a network operates at the physical layer of Network
Bridges
divides a large network into smaller operates in both the physical and data link layer of network
Routers
interconnects similar or dissimilar networks together operates in physical, data link and network layer of network
Gateways
interconnects dissimilar networks together operates in all the layers of network
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Internetworking
Ver. No.: 4.0
Internet
Internet
Huge network of networks
Host/Node
Communicating system connected to the network Millions of hosts hooked on to the Internet
Communication Protocol
TCP/IP
Means to connect to Internet

Dial-up Line (through telephone): Domestic users DSL: Digital Subscriber Line (through telephone), ADSL, Cable Modem: Domestic users ISDN,E1,T1,T3 connections, GPRS, CDMA: Large corporations
28
What is Internetworking?
Interconnection of various heterogeneous/homogeneous networks Network of Networks
29
Who provides Internet services?

ISP a company which provides Internet access for individuals, organizations, and companies User should get an account from ISPs, that includes
a software package To dial to the ISPs To monitor the access time username, password access phone number
ISP Network
Modem Laptop
Internet
Telephone Line DSL T1 / T3
30
How Internet works?

Packet switching protocol (TCP/IP protocol)
Involves breaking down of data into packets or datagrams Packets are labeled with origin and destination address Packets are forwarded from one network to another network until it reaches the destination If packets are lost, originator re-sends the packets
Provides interoperability between different types of nodes on the Internet

31
What is packet switching?

G 192.168.121.40 192.168.121.5 Router 192.168.223.208 192.168.223.6 192.168.223.0 Network F
192.168.121.0 Network
1111110000010010 0011111001000100 1010001000011111 0010101110010001 1110111111000001 0010010001000011 1110010101110010 0011110011111001 0001001010001000 0111110001000111 1001111100100011 1100111110111001 Data /File
192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 4 10100010000111.. 192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 ` 00100100010000.. 192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 2 0111110001000.. 192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 1 1100111110111..
Packets
192.168.121.40 192.168.121.40 192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 192.168.223.208 192.168.223.20 1 2 3 1100111110111.. 0111110001000.. 00100100010000.
192.168.121.40 192.168.223.208 10100010000111. .
F
192.168.223.208
1111110000010010 0011111001000100 1010001000011111 0010101110010001 1110111111000001 0010010001000011 1110010101110010 0011110011111001 0001001010001000 0111110001000111 1001111100100011 1100111110111001
32

IP addressing
Ver. No.: 4.0
Internet Protocol Address

A 4-byte addressing scheme used by the IP layer Within a private or closed network, one can assign any IP address Every Internet host must have a distinct IP address It has two components
Network ID Host ID
IP address is provided by the Internet service provider IP addresses are a scarce resource!!
34
IP Address (IPV4)
EXAMPLE: 130.195.128.25
w NETWORK ID
y HOST ID
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
130
195
128
25
35
Classes of IP Address (IPV4)

NUMBER OF N/Ws NUMBER OF HOSTS
Class A
0
w
NETWORK ID
y HOST ID
126
16,777,214
Class B
1 0
16,384
65,534
NETWORK ID Class C
1 1 0 w
HOST ID
x NETWORK ID
z HOST ID
36
2,097,152
254
IP Address (IPV4): Range for each class

Class Range A B 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Remarks
C
D
192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Multi-Casting)
240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255
(Reserved for future use)
37
Special IP Addresses (IPV4)

Zero Addresses (0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255)
There is no particular function for this range of IP Address.
Private Addresses
IP Standard defines specific address ranges within Class A, Class B, Class C reserved for use by Private Networks.
Class
Range
A B C
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Loopbacks Address (127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255)

Reserved and used for internal testing on a local machine. They should not be used for host address.
38
Static and Dynamic IP Address
Computer Boots up (Assumes Static IP addr set by Admin)
39
Static and Dynamic IP Address (Contd)

User Dials into the network (Connect) 2. Assigns IP Address and other config info 1. U ser Modem di ne als in two t rk o the ISP's Network
DHCP SERVER
Internet
DYNAMIC IP for Dial up Users

ress Add nfo s IP gi sign r confi As he 2. ot and
DHCP SERVER
Other Computers on Network.
LAN 1. Computer Boots up (Broadcasts on the Network) Server
IBM Compatible
DYNAMIC IP for LAN Users

40
Concept of Sub Networking

Two-layer hierarchy is not appropriate for large networks with IP addresses Consider Infosys Network as an example
Infosys BEF E&R C1 C2 Facilities C1 C2 CCD BCMD IBU CSPD
C1 ,C2 are computers in the sub network

41
Domain Name system (DNS) Server

Its too difficult to remember IP Addresses Each IP Addresses is registered for a Domain Name
Example: 216.251.50.51 = www.infosys.com
Host can also be identified with Name User submits the request to the Domain Name Domain Name Server
Translates Domain Name to IP Address and vice versa De-centralized
42
Intranet Vs Internet
Internet
Not owned by any single entity Have publicly known IP addresses (Unique world-wide) Information access is open to everyone
Intranet
Used by corporations for their own business or operational needs Usually accessible only to the members, employees of the organization Use the same technology as Internet Smaller in size Private network Better controlled and more secure
43
Summary
Basics of Computer Networks Network Architecture
Network Components Internetworking IP addressing Concept of Sub-Networking

44
Thank You
The contents of this document are proprietary and confidential to Infosys Technologies Ltd. and may not be disclosed in whole or in part at any time, to any third party without the prior written consent of Infosys Technologies Ltd. 2008 Infosys Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright in the whole and any part of this document belongs to Infosys Technologies Ltd. This work may not be used, sold, transferred, adapted, abridged, copied or reproduced in whole or in part, in any manner or form, or in any media, without the prior written consent of Infosys Technologies Ltd.
45

Appendix 1
Self Study
Ver. No.: 4.0
Comparison of Topology
Feature
Mesh
Star
Low
Ring
Low Variable (1 to n-1 hops) Low
Bus
Low Low
Installation cost High
Communication Low Low cost (1 hop) ( 2 hops) Reliability High Poor
Low
47
TCP/IP Reference Model

HTTP, TFTP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS
Application
TCP, UDP
Transport
routing and delivery of data across networks. IP, ICMP. IGMP, DHCP, RIP, OSPF
Internet
Network Access
MAC Protocols: Ethernet (CSMA/CD) CSMA/CA, Token ring, Token Bus, ARP
Combination of data link and physical layers

48

Appendix 2
Self Study (The following slides are not included for assessment)
Ver. No.: 4.0
Sub-Networking
Creating sub-networks within a given IP address range
Extends the network portion of IP address into the Host Part Converts the rigid boundary to arbitrary
Uses the Subnet mask to decide the no. of bits representing Physical Network ID and host ID
Default IP Address Definition
Internet ID Host ID
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Internet ID Host ID
Sub-Netting
Physical Network
50
Sub-Networking (Contd)
130 IP Address
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Internet ID
Physical Network
195
128
25
Host ID
Subnet Mask
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Bits 5 Bits
255
255
224
51

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We enable you to leverage knowledge anytime, anywhere!