Packets, Packet Switching and The OSI Model

Packets
Transmissions

are broken up into smaller units or data transmissions called packets

Example A file (might be an mp3 sound file) is divided into packets. It does not matter what the transmission is. It could be Word PACKET PACKET PACKET PACKET document, a PowerPoint or an MP3

Packets and OSI

After

transmission is divided into packets extra information required to make sure it all goes back together correctly. The OSI model helps to look after this. The OSI model also provides much more information which is included with each package.

Originally Created by Bob Baker Modified 2006 Graham Betts

OSI 7 Layer Model

More Information on OSI

OSI Open System Interconnection OSI is not a protocol but a list of protocols divided between 7 layers with each layer having a different set of functions. Each packet is layered/packaged with protocols from each of the layers as it is processed. The process of layering the protocols around each package is called encapsulation. The final encapsulated data packet is called a frame.

Open Systems Interconnection

Originally Created by Bob Baker Modified 2006 Graham Betts

OSI

Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer

Reference model Sender

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

application presentation Each Packet The protocols Each file will session Theis divided Will be added encapsulated File File then be systematically into transport Packet is called Encapsulated packets aLayer frame with network By layer PROTOCOLS data link physical

Receiver

The received frame is then File unpacked in the opposite order

Transmission Medium

Originally Created by Bob Baker Modified 2006 Graham Betts

Services Performed at Each Layer

Identification, authentication Format conversion Set-up coordinate conversation Ensures error-free transfer Routing of data through network Error control and synchronisation Placing signals on the carrier

Layer 7 application Layer 6 presentation Layer 5 session Layer 4 transport Layer 3 network Layer 2 data link Layer 1 physical

Originally Created by Bob Baker Modified 2006 Graham Betts

Examples of protocols
More on Protocols
E-mail, Web browser, Directory POP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS Sockets TCP IP PPP, Ethernet, Token ring 100baseT

Layer 7 application Layer 6 presentation Layer 5 session Layer 4 transport Layer 3 network Layer 2 data link Layer 1 physical

Originally Created by Bob Baker Modified 2006 Graham Betts

Encapsulation
data data data data data data data
FRAME Destination Address Source Address

Device 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical carrier
FRAME
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6

Device 2 Application
T6 T5 T4

Presentation Session

packet
T3 (packet) T2 T1

Transport Network Data Link Physical

FRAME

FRAME

A typical frame

Preamble

Data

Padding

CRC