GPRS & EDGE

MIGRATION TO 3G

SUBMITTED BY: ARUSHI JOSHI 071038 ARSHDEEP KAUR 071148 SABIA JINDAL 071258

CONTENTS
GPRS
Introduction Building blocks of a GPRS network Operation Interfaces between components QoS Benefits & Applications Summary

EDGE
Architecture Modulation & Coding Schemes Physical Layer Parameters EDGE Normal Burst Structure Line Quality Control

Migration to 3G

GPRS
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE

Introduction

General Packet Radio Service A standard from ETSI and others on packet data in GSM systems Packet-data standard for TDMA/136 systems Uses a packet-mode technique to transfer data in an efficient manner Optimizes the use of network and radio resources Maintains strict separation between the radio subsystem and network subsystem Offers air-interface rates up to 115 Kbps Supports multiple types of mobile terminals

Building Blocks

Implemented on the GSM structure Addition of two network nodes,

o Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

o Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) o In addition a number of devices from the Internet Protocol (IP)

o
o o o o

MT, MS : Mobile Terminal, Mobile Station BSC : Base Station Controller SMSC : Short Message System Center HLR : Home Location Register MSC : Mobile Switching Center VLR : Visitor Location Register

Mobility Management

IDLE State o The subscriber is not attached to the GPRS mobility management. o The MT and SGSN context hold no valid location or routing information for the subscriber. o Data transmission to and from the mobile subscriber, as well as the paging of the subscriber, is not possible. o The GPRS MT is seen as not reachable in this case. STANDBY State o The subscriber is attached to GPRS mobility management. o The MT and SGSN have established MM contexts for the subscriber. o Pages for data or signalling information transfers may be received. o Data reception and transmission are not possible in this state. READY State o The SGSN MM context corresponds to the STANDBY MM context extended by location information for the subscriber on cell level.

Mobile Classes

Class A GSM / GPRS o GSM & GPRS networks are attached simultaneously.

User can receive GSM (voice, data, SMS) and GPRS (data) services together.

Class B GSM / GPRS o o Similar to Class A without simultaneous option. If one service (GSM or GPRS) is ON, then the other is OFF.

Class C GSM or GPRS o Mobiles having both GPRS & GSM functions like Class A & B except attaching to one of the networks one at a time. Today mostly Class B mobiles are produced

GPRS Attach

MT requests to be attached to the network. This request is sent to the SGSN. Including the information whether it wants to attach to a packet-switched service or a circuit-switched service This is followed by an authentication request made between the MT and the HLR In the third step, subscriber data from the HLR is inserted into the SGSN and the MSC/VLR Finally the SGSN informs the MT that it is attached

Packet Data Protocol(PDP) Context Activation

The MT must establish a PDP context to enable communication. This activation process involves five major steps o o MT requests a PDP context activation from the SGSN The SGSN validates the request based on the information received from the HLR during the GPRS attach process

The access point name is then sent to a DNS to identify the IP address of the GGSN to which the SGSN will send data. This DNS can be integrated into SGSN or another server on the GPRS backbone network This is followed by establishing a logical connection between the SGSN and the GGSN, a connection known as GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP). At last, an IP address is assigned to the MT This IP address could be dynamic, assigned by the GGSN or static assigned by the HLR

Data Transmission Layers

Data transmission in a GPRS network follows a layered protocol structure,

Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) Layer The Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer The RLC/MAC Layer Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) Layer Network Service (NS) Layer The SGSN requires support for the GTP Layer

Air Interface

BCH CS

: Zeroth slot reserved for GSM Broadcast Channel : Circuit Switched Timeslots

P-Data
PBCH

: Packet Data
: Packet Broadcast Channel

Logical Channels

PCCH : Packet Common Control

PBCCH : Packet Broadcast Control

PRACH : Packet Random Access

PPCH : Packet Paging PAGCH : Packet Access Grant PNCH : Packet Notification

PDTCH : Packet Data Traffic

PACCH : Packet Associated Control. PTCCH : Packet Timing Adv. Control.

GPRS Detach

SGSN informs MS by sending a detach request SGSN requests from the GGSN to delete the MS PDP context. The GGSN responds to the request SGSN sends a signal to MSC/VLR to remove the association with the SGSN MS could send a detach accept message after receiving the request from the SGSN

Security

The Security function provides three main benefits: o Guarding against unauthorised GPRS service usage o Providing user identity confidentiality Procedure : SGSN sends authentication information to the HLR. The HLR responds with an acknowledgment. SGSN request MS for ciphering. The MS responds The MS starts ciphering The SGSN starts ciphering

o o o o o o

Coordination of GPRS & GSM Functions

Mode I o o Mobile monitors one of the channels for paging during GPRS attach. Network sends paging through one of the channels.

Mode II

o
o

GPRS/GSM common channel is used for both services paging

Mobile has to monitor only common channel paging

Mode III

o
o

Mobile monitors both channels for paging during GPRS attach

Network sends circuit-switched paging via common channel and GPRS paging via GPRS paging channel.

QoS

Associated with each PDP context

Considered to be a single parameter with multiple data transfer attributes.

Defined in terms of : o Precedence class o Delay class o Reliability class o Peak throughput class o Mean throughput class QoS parameters are mapped to the data network

Charging
Charging is a split function between the SGSN and the GGSN

The SGSN collects

o o o Usage of the radio interface Usage of the PDP addresses Usage of the general GPRS resources

The GGSN collects o o Destination and source addresses Usage of the external data networks

o
o

Usage of the packet data protocol addresses

Location of MS within the network

GPRS Benefits

Packet Switched; Always ON, Cost per Data Allows the network subsystem to be reused with other radio access technologies

The infrastrucuture deployed could easily support broad-band

mobile wireless technologies like UMTS

Does not mandate changes to an installed MSC base Allows efficient use of radio and network resources

GPRS Applications

Communications: E-mail, fax, unified messaging and intranet/Internet access etc. Value-added services: Information services and games etc. E-commerce: Retail, ticket purchasing, banking and financial trading etc. Location-based applications: Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules and location finder etc. Vertical applications: Freight delivery, fleet management and sales-force automation. Advertising: Advertising may be location sensitive. For example, a user entering a mall can receive advertisements specific to the stores in that mall

Summary

Efficient wireless access to external IP networks Requires the introduction of the SGSN and GGSN Negligible resource consumption by users who are connected but are not exchanging data

Rates up to 115 kbps are supportable

EDGE
Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution

Introduction

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution High data rates are expected from the Third-Generation (3G) A stepwise way in the direction of 3G o Allowing existing cell plans to remain intact o Preparing customers/users for the 3G services.

Standardization

Introduced to the ETSI for the first time in 1997

EDGE is standardized by ITU and 3GPP

Global Standard

EDGE & GSM/GPRS

EDGE is a further development of the GSM data services HSCSD and GPRS o It is suitable for circuit-switched and packet-switched services o Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD) is the Circuit-Switched o Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) is the packet oriented part

The major changes over GSM standard are made in the radio interface.

Architecture
Gn Interface Abis interface

GGS N SGS N
GPRS registers

External IP Network

MSC
HLR

VLR

PSTN/ISD N MSC
A interface Elements Modified by EDGE

Modulation & Coding Scheme

8-PSK is used which coexist with existing GMSK Modification mostly concern the RLC/MAC and Physical Layers New EDGE transceiver unit and software upgrades are introduced o Handles standard GSM/GPRS traffic o Automatic switching to EDGE mode when needed

8 PSK Symbol Constellation

The EDGE modulator rotates the phase of each modulating symbol by multiples of 3/8 during every symbol period.

(0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 0)

I (0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 1)

R (1, 1, 1)

(1, 0, 1) (1, 0, 0)

(1, 1, 0)

8-PSK Modulation

Modulation & Coding scheme Parameters

EDGE provides 9 different MCS It is possible to switch a connection between different schemes Each MCS is designed to deliver the optimal throughput under different radio environments C/I and C/N

MCS
MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS

Modulation Code Rate

8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 1.0 0.92 0.76 0.49 0.37 1.0 0.80 0.66 0.53

Header Code Rate

0.36 0.36 0.36 1/3 1/3 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53

Data (bit) Family per Radio Block

2x592 2x544 2x448 592 (544+48) 448 352 296 (272+42) 224 176 A A B A B C A B C

BCS
2x12 2x12 2x12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Tail
2x6 2x6 2x6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Data Rate (kbps)

59.2 54.4 44.8 29.6 (27.2) 22.4 17.6 14.8 (13.6) 11.2 8.8

Physical Layer Parameters

Description Modulation Symbol Rate Payload per Burst Gross rate per Time slot EDGE 8-PSK, 3 bit/sym 271 kbs 346 69.2 GSM GMSK, 1 bit/sym 271 kbs 114 22.8

GSM vs. Edge Burst Structure

Normal Burst

GSM 156.25 symbols(156.25 bits)

GSM 156.25 symbols(468.25 bits)

Link Quality Control

Different Modulation & Coding Schemes are optimal during different situations depending on the link quality.

LQC is a technique used to adapt the channel coding of the radio link to the varying channel quality.

LQC is performed in EDGE through: o Fast Power Control o Link Adaptation (LA)

o Incremental Redundancy (IR)

LQC: Fast Power Control

In-band signaling of measurement data and power control commands allows the BTS to control the MS within 20ms steps, which is rather enhanced compared to old GSM.

LQC Link Adaptation (LA-1)

Provides a dynamic switching between coding and modulation schemes according to the time varying link quality The network automatically adapts the coding scheme according to the radio link quality. This adaptation is done automatically for the downlink, and the network commands the mobile station to use the optimum MCS for the uplink. In order to perform this adaptation, the mobile station (for downlink transfer) and the base transceiver station [BTS] (for uplink transfer) carry out the radio Link Quality Measurements (LQM)

LQC Link Adaptation (LA-2)

The LQC consists of the mean bit error probability (MEANBEP) and the coefficient of variance of the bit error probability (CV-BEP) The measurements are performed on every radio block and can be reported back to the network for filtering and triggering of MCS changes with improved reactivity and accuracy compared to GPRS The link quality measurements provide an excellent indication of the radio environment and, in particular, the C/I and C/N With the knowledge of the estimated C/I, the networks can trigger MCS adaptation to deliver the maximum throughput for the environment

LQC Link Adaptation (LA-3)

Throughput versus C/I for each MCS

LQC: Incremental Redundancy(IR-1)

EDGE uses Hybrid ARQ of type II or Incremental Redundancy (IR). In a classical ARQ scheme (like the one used in GPRS) o The data at the transmitter is split into consecutive blocks. o In each block, the user data are encoded by adding some redundancy using convolution coding, and completed by a header and trailer. o A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum is added in order to guarantee the integrity of the received data after decoding.

o After decoding if the data has not been correctly received, the
receiver provides feedback to the transmitter using acknowledgement requesting retransmission of the incorrectly received data blocks.

LQC: Incremental Redundancy(IR-2)

In IR, the redundancy added to the data is not the same at each retransmission Data is first sent with little redundancy. Successful decoding - yields a very high user bit rate. Unsuccessful decoding- Further redundancy is transmitted

o o

PS-1 is used at first and if decoding is unsuccessful, PS-2 will be used and so on.
Soft values for unsuccessfully transmitted data blocks are stored and used by combining them with the next retransmitted block's soft bits and increase the chances for successful decoding

Enhanced QoS

EDGE is part of the (3GPP) Release 99 (Rel99) specifications, which provides QoS enhancements to a wireless system. These include: o Rel99 introduces new QoS parameters in the QoS profile, which allows a differentiation between different types of traffic (conversational, streaming, interactive and background). o Rel99 also introduces the concept of packet flow context (PFC) and associated procedures (creation, modification, and

deletion), which result in the negotiated QoS for a PDP Context.

Based on these enhancements, Rel99 offers a real end-to-end QoS solution for GPRS/EDGE that is comparable to the way UMTS

handles resources

Summary

EDGE technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS.

Increased data rates with GSM compatibility o Still 200 kHz bands; still TDMA

8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate

EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS

THANK YOU!