Internetworking Basics

Agenda

How a LAN Is Built LAN Topologies LAN/WAN Devices

How a LAN Is Built

Local-Area NetworkLAN

What is a LAN?

A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other devices that can communicate with each other in a small area
Computers, operating system (OS), network interface card (NIC), and hubs

What are the components?

How is a LAN controlled?

ProtocolsFormal descriptions of sets of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information StandardsSets of rules or procedures that are either widely used or officially specified
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Local-Area Networks
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media Control the network privately under local administration Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices

Network Operating System (OS)

Software that allows communicating and sharing of data and network resources Examples:

AppleTalk NetWare Banyan VINES Windows

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

Network Interface Card

Amplifies electronic signals Packages data for transmission

Physically connects computer to transmission media (cable)

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

Connector Port

Network Interface Card (NIC)

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Wiring Hub
Printer
(Also has a NIC)

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

Wiring Hub

NIC

Serves as center of network Contains multiple independent but connected modules where network equipment can be connected
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Cables or Transmission Media

Printer
(Also has a NIC)

Connectors
Wiring Hub

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

NIC

Cable

Physical environments through which transmission signals pass

RJ-45 Connector

Twisted pair Coaxial cable

Fiber-optic cable Atmosphere

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Connectors (RJ-11, RJ-45, etc.)

Network Cabling

Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper) Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable

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Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only: Shielded Insulation to Reduce EMI Outer Jacket Twisted-Pair

Color-Coded Plastic Insulation

Speed and throughput: Relative cost: Maximum cable length:

10/100 Mbps Least costly 100 m

RJ-45 Connector

Media and connector size: Small

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Coaxial Cable
OuterJacket Braided Copper Shielding Plastic Insulation Copper Conductor

BNC Connector

Speed and throughput: Relative cost:

10/100 Mbps More than UTP, but still low

Media and connector size:

Maximum cable length:

Medium
200/500 m
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Fiber-Optic Cable
Outer Jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material Plastic Shield Glass Fiber and Cladding

Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light (100 km)

Multimode: Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km) 100+ Mbps
Multimode Connector

Speed and throughput:

Average cost per node:

Maximum cable length:

Most expensive
Up to 2 km
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Media and connector size: Small

Throughput Needs !!

202,000,000 bits 841,000 bits

100,000 bits

7,300,000 bits/screen 30 pictures/second 224,000,000 bps!!! 2,457,000 bits/screen 30 screens/second 73,728,000 bps

64,000 bps

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Throughput Rate and Bandwidth

Throughput rate

The rate of information arriving at, and possibly passing through, a particular point in a network The total capacity of a given network medium or protocol

Bandwidth

THROUGHPUT = BANDWIDTH - OVERHEAD

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LAN Topologies

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LAN Topologies

Define network device organization Four common types

Bus topology Tree topology Star topology Ring topology

Topologies are logical architectures

Actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations

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Bus and Tree Topology

Tree topology branch with multiple nodes

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Star Topology (LAN)

Center: hub, repeater, or concentrator Typically used in both Ethernet and Token Ring 5 to 100+ devices

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Ring Topology (LAN)

Redundant ring to avoid network failure

Repeaters at each component Unidirectional transmission links Closed loop Typically used in FDDI networks

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LAN/WAN Devices

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LAN/WAN Devices

Hubs

Bridges
Switches

Routers

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Hub
Device that serves as the center of a star topology network, sometimes referred to as a multiport repeater, or in Ethernet, a concentrator; no forwarding intelligence

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Hubs
123 126

124

127

Hub
125

128

Amplifies signals Propagates signals through the network Does not filter data packets based on destination No path determination or switching Used as network concentration point
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Bridge
Device that connects and passes packets between two network segments. More intelligent than hubanalyzes incoming packets and forwards (or filters) them based on addressing information.

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Bridge Example
123 126 124

Bridge
127

Hub
125

Hub
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Segment 1

Corporate Intranet

Segment 2

More intelligent than a hubcan analyze incoming packets and forward (or filter) them based on addressing information Collects and passes packets between two network segments Maintains address tables Different types of bridges: transparent and source route (used primarily in Token Ring LANs)
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Switches
Use bridging technology to forward traffic between ports.
Provide full dedicated data transmission rate between two stations that are directly connected to the switch ports. Build and maintain address tables called content-addressable memory (CAM).
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SwitchingDedicated Media
Workstation

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10-Mbps UTP Cable Dedicated Switch

34 35

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100 Mbps

100 Mbps Corporate Intranet

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Uses bridging technology to forward traffic (i.e. maintains address tables, and can filter) Provides full dedicated transmission rate between stations that are connected to switch ports Used in both local-area and in wide-area networking All types availableEthernet, Token Ring, ATM
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Routers
Interconnect LANs and WANs Provide path determination using metrics Forward packets from one network to another Control broadcasts to the network
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Summary

LANs are designed to operate within a limited geographic area Key LAN components are computers, NOS, NICs, hubs, and cables Common LAN topologies include bus, tree, star, and ring Common LAN/WAN devices are hubs, bridges, switches, and routers
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