Measurement of high voltage

Presentation

By:Electrical Batch
(2007 _ 2011)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

Dr. Abdul Qadir Chang

Why High Voltages Are Measured

For industrial tests

In research laboratories work

To determine the over voltages of the system To measure the electric and magnetic fields associated with high voltage lines that may have effect on nearby living people To determine insulation level for safety purposes the insulations are tested under system & under high voltage

Types Of High Voltages

System maximum voltage lightning over voltages

Impulse high voltages

Switching (transient) over voltage s Temporary over voltages

Classification w.r.t Measurement

Measurement of high direct current voltages

Measurement of ac high voltages(system frequency)

Impulse over voltages

Measurement Of High Direct Current Voltages

Series Resistance micro ammeter Resistance potential divider Generating Voltmeters

Sphere Gaps

Series Resistance Micro Ammeter

resistance in hundreds of M constructed from wire wound resisters that permit a current in microampere for full scale deflection o micro ammeter The potential drop across resistor should not exceed the insulation breakdown limit The material of resistor is carbon alloy with T.C.O .R of (1/10000) / celieus 0.1 carbon resistor located in air tight transformer oil PVC tube for 100KV measurement is used
Series

V =IR , I = 50A V = Measured voltage

Zener diode or neon gas

Drawbacks
Power dissipation
Temperature effects
Leakage currents Limitations of voltage stress

This meter is built up to 500KV DC with 0.2% accuracy

2.Resistance potential divider Circuit diagram

DC voltages are measured using resistance voltage divider R2 <<< R1

High DC voltage applied.

Drop across R1 Measure the voltage directly across R2

ESV

Improvements & Drawbacks

Negligible source loading

Limited voltage stress

Capacitors are used to linear the stress across the resistor elements Power dissipation is still a drawback of this technique Flash over takes place due to transient voltages

Generating Voltmeter
Principle :-

Sinusoidal varying capacitance causes production of current that is proportional to applied voltage

Generating Voltmeter

Generating Voltmeter
The scale of Generating voltmeter is linear as in fig The calibration is done by potential divider or by sphere gap

Generating Voltmeter Advantages: No source loading

No direct connection with high voltage source

It is a linear scale instrument and scale can be extrapolated

Sphere Gaps
The sphere gap method of measuring high voltage is the most reliable and is used as the standard for calibration purposes.
The breakdown strength of a gas depends:Ionization of the gas molecules

The density of the gas

The size of the spheres Their distance Air density correction factor

Sphere Gaps
The accuracy depends upon d/D ratio If d/D ratio is 0.5 then accuracy is 3% (BS :358 IEC PUB 52)
If d / D is 0.75 then accuracy is 5 (BS :358, IEC 358 ) For accurate measurement purposes, gap distances in excess of 0.75D are not used.

Usually, a resistance is used in series with the sphere gap, of about 1/v so as to limit the current under spark over conditions to about a maximum of 1 A.

Sphere Gaps

In measuring impulse voltages, since the breakdown does not occur at exactly the
same value of voltage each time, what is generally specified is the breakdown value.

50 %

Sphere Gaps
In case of ac peak value and dc voltage measurement , the voltage is uniformly increased unto spark over The mean of five readings is take, if they agree with 3 then this is declared as measured reading For impulse voltages two limits are taken not differing by 2 ,for lower limit 4 flashovers take place while for upper limit 8 or 6 flashovers take place, the mean of these voltages is taken as 50% flashover voltage

Measurement of ac high voltages(system frequency

Series impedance voltmeter Electrostatic Voltmeters Potential Dividers Sphere gaps

Measurement of ac high voltages(system frequency)

Resistive Potential Divider
Potential divider ratio DR = U/V

Capacitive potential divider method

In this two capacitances C1 and C2 are used in series, The electrostatic voltmeter being connected across the lower capacitor.
The effective capacitance of C1 and C2 in series is C1C2/(C1+C2), and since the charge is the same,

Voltage across C2 = C1 / (C1 + C2)V

Capacitive potential divider method

The capacitance of h.v. standard capacitor must be accurately known, and the capacitance must be free from dielectric losses . For this reason, air capacitances are always used for this purpose. This method also measures the r.m.s. value. If the shape of the voltage waveform is known, the peak voltage may be obtained from the r.m.s. voltage.

Capacitive potential divider method

Electrostatic Voltmeters

Principle

F=1/2 V2A/D2

Electrostatic force is directly proportional to V(non linear scale ) ,it can measure both ac and dc

Electrostatic Voltmeters
Small capacitance 5 t0 50 f High insulation resistance (R >10 ) Accuracy for ac = 0.25% dc = 0.1 A movement in millimeter can measure large voltages The limitation on gap distance is the v/d ratio which must not exceed break down limit The enclosed structure inctruments containing compressed air, CO & NO with high stress of 100KV/cm can be used,these meters have compact shapesss

Measurement of Surges
Klydonograph
Lightning is probably the most special of the high voltage phenomena it is not possible to create lightning or to obtain a lightning strike when and where we please The phenomena of the lightning could be studied using Litchenberg patterns obtained The maximum voltage that can be measured using a Klydonograph is dependant on the thickness of the dielectric material

Measurement of Surges
Klydonograph Litchenberg patterns

Measurement of Surges

This print on the photographic plate is not due to normal photographic action, and occurs even through there is no visible discharge between the electrodes. If flashover of the insulator or a visible discharge occurs, then the film would become exposed and no patterns would be obtained The vlotgae value depends upon radius of pattern

End Of Presentation

Thank you