Beruflich Dokumente
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Business Planning
Current Business Target Business
Constraints
Output
Development Project
Current IT Systems
Target IT Systems
Firm Profitability
Dissemination
Planning
Coordinating
Controlling
Decision Making
Network
A group of computers and other devices connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data. Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node with a unique address. Addresses are numeric quantities that are easy for computers to work. Example: 204.160.241.98 Internet uses names that humans can more easily remember than numbers. Example: www.javasoft.com
Addressing
NIC Network Interface Card (Controller) connects each computer to network bus. NIC Internet address: Consists of 4 bytes. Example: 136.102.233.49 Address ranges corresponding to networks. Criteria considered: Geographical area (country) Organization, enterprise Department Host Domain Name System (DNS) Mnemonic textual addresses are provided to facilitate the manipulation of internet addresses. DNS servers are responsible for translating mnemonic textual Internet addresses into numeric Internet addresses.
Ports
An IP address identifies a host machine on the Internet. An IP port number will identify a specific application running on an Internet host machine.
Application HTTP FTP Gopher SMTP (e-mail) POP3 (e-mail) Telnet Finger Dedicated Port 80 20 & 21 70 25 110 23 79 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol from WWW. File Transfer Protocol similar to HTTP or SMTP for large file download and upload using TCP/IP. Program for managing Internet server files. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, for sending e-mail messages using SMTP to send messages from one server to another. E-mail messages can be retrieved with an e-mail client using either Post Office Protocol or IMAP (Internet Messaging Access Protocol. A terminal program for TCP/IP networks such as theInternet. UNIX based program to get email id details.
Types of Networks
WANs Cover cities, countries, and continents. Examples: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) LANs Cover buildings or a set of closely related buildings. Examples: Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fibber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI). Ethernet LANs: based on a bus topology and broadcast communication Token ring LANs: based on ring topology FDDI LANs: use optical fibbers and an improved token ring mechanism based on two rings flowing in opposite directions. MANs
Description
All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Tree Topology
A hybrid topology. Groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus backbone.
Mesh Topology
Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node
Protocol Layers
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Data Model
ISO standard for computer networks design and functioning involves at least 7 layers, each playing a specific role when applications are communicating over the net.
During the sending process, each layer (from top to down) will add a specific header to the raw data. At the reception, headers are eliminated conversely until the data arrived to the receiving application.
OSI Layers
Physical layer: Defines the physical characteristics of the network. Topologies of Ethernet, Arpanet and Token Ring. Data-link layer: Provides safe communication of data over the physical network [Routers] using IP [Internet Protocol]. Network layer: Handles IP encapsulation with data packet and mapping to physical address by higher layers. Transport layer: Provides end-to-end errors detection and correction using TCP [Transmission control protocol] and UDP [User datagram Protocol]. Session layer: Manages sessions among applications. Presentation layer: Provides standard data representations for applications. Application layer: Applications connected to the network using HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
Characteristics of LAN
Every computer can communicate with any other computers of the network Inexpensive medium of data transmission High data transmission rate Advantages The reliability of network is high because the failure of one computer in the network does not effect the functioning for other computers. Addition of new computer to network is easy. High rate of data transmission is possible. Peripheral devices like magnetic disk and printer can be shared. Disadvantages If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down. Use of LAN File transfers and Access Word and text processing Electronic message handling Remote database access Digital voice transmission and storage
Characteristics of WAN
Communication Facility: Long distance phone calls, Computer conferencing. Remote Data Entry Centralized Information Examples of WAN Ethernet: Ethernet developed by Xerox. Aparnet: First network from Advanced Research Projects Agency of U. S. Department.
Network Architecture
There a role to play for Business Analysts and System analysts working as a team and suggesting a best network architecture for an organization depending on Number of users Database size Daily transaction and operational data Business Operations local or global Telecommunication requirement
Different Architectures
Option Mainframes Transaction Volume High volume transaction processing Medium volume transactions. Low Low to Medium Varied Database Large Number of Users Large
Miniframes
Medium to large
Workgroup Technologies
When a group is suggested to follow similar tools and rules for their day to day activities.
Helps in sharing the information in a team. Coordination Helps in distributed teams. Diversity is maintained Helps in resolving conflicts on the choice of tools Helps in resolving cultural issues Overall team goal performance improves
GDSS
Group Decision Support System
MS Project Conference Room Booking VOIP Telnet SharePoint Team viewer Visual Source Safe Group Ware