Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SECTION A
1a) X: Chloroplast Y: Vacuole b) P: Glucose Q: PEP /phosphoenol pyruvate R: malate
Involves one cell type/ mesophyll cells only// Krants anatomy absent
Involves two cell types/ mesophyll and bundle sheath// Krantz anatomy present Carbon fixation from atmosphere occurs during the day and night Involves chloroplast only Stomata open during the day and night
Section A
1d) (i) reduce water loss/transpiration during the day//adaptation to/ can withstand arid condition//carbon fixation more efficient (ii) pineapple/ cactus/ orchid/ dragon fruit
Section A
2a) A: glycolysis B: Lactate/ Lactic acid fermentation C: Alcohol/ alcoholic fermentation D: Krebs/TCA/ Tricarboxylic acid/ Citric acid cycle E: Electron transport chain/ETC/Electron transport system// oxidative phosphorylation Note: spelling must be correct
Section A
2b) A: in cytoplasm/cytosol D: in mitochondrial matrix/ mitochondria matrix c) 22 ATP d) NADH/reduced NAD+ cannot be oxidized oxygen is the final electron/proton acceptor
Section A
3a) (i) as solutes in plasma/by dissolving in plasma// carbonic acid in the plasma (ii) by binding to protein portion of haemoglobin// as carbaminohaemoglobin (iii) as bicarbonate ions/HCO3- in the plasma
Section A
b) the diffusion of chloride ions into the erythrocyte (from the plasma) - to maintain electrical neutrality/ balance electrochemical charge c) (i) Enzyme A: carbonic anhydrase (ii) CO2 + H20 H2C03 H+ + HC03-
Section A
3d) combine with CO2 to form carbaminohemoglobin decreasing the acidity/ increasing the pH - to combine with H+/proton forming HHb/ haemoglobinic acid decrease the acidity/ increasing the pH
Section A
4b) 5-CAA- 3 and 5-CAG-3 - One amino acid can be coded by more than one codon// several codons encode for one amino acid
Section B 5(a)
Starch The bond links glucose monomers Linked by -1,4 bonds for linear structure Linked by -1,6 bonds for branched structure Cellulose The bond links glucose monomers Linked by -1,4 bonds for linear structure -1,6 bonds are absent
Cellulose: Forming structurl polysaccharide of (cell wall) Unbranched/linear structure forming microfibril Tensile strength The bond can be digested by cellulase
iv)
v)
Conjugate with lipid/forming glycolipid Conjugate with protein/forming glycoprotein Glycolipid/glycoprotein for tissue recognition// self recognition// cell to cell recognition Glycolipid/glycoprotein for cell adhesion Glycolipid/glycoprotein act as receptor on target organ
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The function of Cori cycle is to convert lactate to glucose Lactate/lactic acid produed in the muscle is brought to the liver In the liver, lactate/lactic acid is converted to pyruvate Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis
(vii)
Phytochromes present in the (young) leaf/ leaves Stimulated by light Exist in two forms Pr/R and Pfr/FR Pfr/FR is the active form of pytochrome Day light/red light converts Pr/R to Pfr/FR the process is rapid (dependent on point (v)) In darkness/in shade/at sunset far red light converts Pfr/FR to Pr/R
(ii)
(iii) (iv)
The presence of a growing apical bud inhibits the growth Controlled by the interaction of several hormones Auxin produced by the shoot Auxin inhibits the growth of lateral bud// promotes apical growth
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) (v)
(vi)
(vii)
p represents the dominant allele frequency// q represents the recessive allele frequency P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1// p+q = 1 q2 = 1/15000 = 0.000067 q= 0.000067= 0.0082/0.00816 p= 1-0.0082=0.9918/0.992 Carriers=2pq=2X0.9918X0.0082 = 0.0163/ 0.0162 15000 X 0.0163 = 244/245/242
3. 4.
(i) Procedure of quadrat sampling Quadrat of chosen size Laid down randomly//systematically placed (along the transect) Count all individuals in the quadrat Extrapolate the average count/parameters of the whole study area
2.
3.
The population of each quadrat examined must be determined accurately The size/area and shape of quadrat must be consistent The quadrat counted must be represented of the whole area
3.
4.
Applicable for mobile animals Animal captured, recorded/counted/ calculate, marked and released (at time 1) Animal will be captured again and recorded/ counted/calculate for marked and unmarked animals (at time 2) Estimate total population size = marked animals in 1st sample x total animal caught in 2nd sample marked animals in 2nd sample
10(b)(ii) assumptions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
Random mixing of animals within the population Closed population//no migration//no emigration and/or immigration//no changed in population size Sufficient time must elapse between capture and recapture Marking does not hinder movement/change behavior/endangered of the marked animals/ permanent No losses/mortality No natality during sampling period Marked and unmarked animals are captured randomly