PRESENTATION ON CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGIN OF CANCER CELLS

Presented By Momina Chiring. 1st semester Roll No: 20 Biotechnology, D.U.

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Introduction, Incidence, Causes of cancer, Origin of cancer cells, Characteristics of cancer cells, Prevention, References,

INTRODUCTION
Cell division is a normal process in multicellular organisms. Growth and repair take place as a result of cell division(mitosis). Sometimes , however cell division becomes very rapid and uncontrolled, leading to cancer. Cells which undergo rapid, abnormal and uncontrolled growth at the cost of remaining cells are called cancer cells.The growths resulting From the division of such cells are called tumours. Cancer has afflicted people for several centuries.Cancer results from a breakdown of the regulatory mechanism that govern normal cell behaviour the proliferation , differentiation and survival of individual cells in multicellular orginisms are carefully regulated to meet the needs of the orginism as a whole. It is not a new disease. It is because of the early research that we hold a greater knowledge of cancer today. Can was first discovered and treated in ancient Egypt and Rome.

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The word Cancer came from the Father of Medicine , Hippocrates (460-377B.C.), a Greek physician. Hippocrates used the Greek words , carcinos and carcinoma to describe tumor, thus called cancer karkinos. The Greek term actually were words to describe a crab , which Hippocrates thought a tumor resembled. Thus reflecting the true character of cancer, since it sticks to the part stubbornly like a crab. Although Hippocrates have named Cancer, he was certainly not the first to discover the disease . The history of cancer actually begins much earlier. The worlds oldest documented case of cancer hails from ancient Egypt ,in 1500 B. C. The details were recorded on a papyrus , documenting 8 cases of tumors occuring on the breast . It was treated by cauterization , a method to destroy tissue with a hot instrument called the fire drill. It was also recorded that there was no treatment for the disease, only palliative treatment.

DEFINATION..
Cancer is a class of disease in which display uncontrolled growth( cell division beyond normal limit) invasion( intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues) and sometimes metastasis(spread to other location via lymph or blood)

INCIDENCE
1. 2.

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4. a. b. c.

All sex , age groups are affected worldwide. 10 million cases /year. 6 million death /year. Common cancers worldwide. Lung cancer (12.3% of all cancer ,1.1 million death) Breast cancer (10.4%). Colorectal(9.4%)

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5. Total cancer burden is high in effuent society due to .. a. Smoking, b. Western life style.

CAUSES OF CANCER
A large no of factors are responsible for the cause of cancer 1) Environmental factors: E.g. :- tobacco smoking, alchohol, dietary factor- smoked fish, occupational exposure to benzene(leukemia),arsenic( lung and skin cancer), asbestos( lung cancer), cadmium( prostate cancer) vinyl chloride( liver cancer)

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virus: e.g. :- hepatitis B and C virus (liver cancer), human papiloma virus( cervical cancer) Radiation: X-ray, uv-rayetc. Several drugs; phenacetin(renal-pelvic cancer), mustard gas(lung cancer) 2)Genetic and familial factors;e.g. retinoblastoma, breast cancer, brain cancer.

ORIGIN OF CANCER CELLS

Acquired DNA damaging agent 1) Chemical 2) Radiation 3) Virus Normal Cell Successful DNA repair DNA damage Failure to DNA repair Mutation of Chromosomes in somatic cell Activation of growth promoting oncogenes Inactivation tumour suppressor genes

Genetic factor

Alternation of genes that regulate apoptosis Decreased apoptosis

Unregulated cell proliferation Cancer Cell

CHARACTERSTICS OF CANCER
1) IMMORTALISATION :Cells grow indefinately. 2 ) Loss of contact Inhibition : Normal cells form a mono layer, cancer cells continue to grow, piling on top of one another to form clumps.

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3)Reduce cellular adhesion : Normal cell show stickness or adhesiveness. Cancer cells show a decreased adhesiveness. 4)Invasiveness: The ability to invade other tissues.

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5)Loss of anchorage dependence: Most normal cells must be attached to a rigid substratum in order to grow. Cancer cells can grow even when they are not attached to the substratum. 6)Lower serum requirement: Growth of normal cells in a tissue culture medium requires a high concentration of serum. Cancer cells can grow in a culture medium containing much less serum than required by normal cell.

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7)Molecular changes in cell membrane components:The cell membrane consists of four main types of phospholipids, which form the lipid bilayer, with glycolipids and glycoprotiens inserted into this bilayer. Cancer cells apparently do not differ from normal cells in their amounts of phospholipids.However ganliosides( glycolipids which contain sialic acid) become reduce in certain mouse cancer cells. Enzymes involved biosynthesis are also reduced.

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8) Disorganisation of cytoskeleton: Normal cells have a cytoskeleton( very much like muscle fibres) which consists of microtubules and microfilaments. In cancer cells the fibres are much fewer in number and usually much thinner.It has been suggested that in cancer cells the cytoskeleton undergoes depolymerization. The mirotubules disaggregate. The microfilaments (actin) fibres undergoes depolymerization and disappear, but diffuse actin remains. The myosin like filaments also disappear. Thus in cancer cells the cytoskeleton proteins become less organised than in normal cells which leads to this disorganization of the cytoskeleton. 9)Increased sugar transport : Cancer cells consume much more glucose than normal cells because they have to grow and multiply.

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10) Defective electrical communications: Electrical connections normally occur between normal individual cells. In some cancer cells however, it has been reported that such connections are defective. 11) Increased secretion of proteolytic enzymes: Large amounts of proteolytic enzymes are secreted by all types of cancer cells, except those of blood forming tissues. The cancer cells secrets a protease called the cell factor( MW-40000). The cell factor acts on and inert serum protein plasminogen to form a plasmin, a proteolytic enzymes.

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12) Increased rate of glycolysis: Increased in the glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) in cancer cells .Due to this large quantity of lactic acid is found in cancer cells than normal cells it is believed that there is a loss of normal control device which regulates the rate at which glucose is taken into the cells.

PREVENTION:
A.Primary prevention 1. Control of tobacco and alcohol consumption. 2. Care to reduce radiation, occupational exposure, 3. Food,drugs and cosmetics should be tested for carcinogens. 4. Treatment of pre cancerous lesion. 5. Cancer education.

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B. Secondary prevention1)Cancer registration. 2)Early detection of cases. 3)Treatment by eg.a)Chemotherapy. b)Radiotherapy. c)Both.

REFERENCESAbbas, Abul Kumar,Kumar, Vinay:Pathologic Basis of Disease, 2007 Karp, Gerald:Cell and Melecular Biology,2007 Mohan, Hash:Text of Pathology,2006 Power, C.B:Cell Biology,2008 From Internet A)http:cancer.about.com/od/history of cancer/a/cancer history.htm B)http:www.bing.com/search=history

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