Periodic Table

Chapter 4

VIDEO 1

Aim: To explain the structure of the periodic table.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: (a) Indicate period, group and block (s, p, d, f). (b) Specify the position of metals, metalloids and non-metals in the periodic table. (c) Deduce the position of elements in the periodic table from its electronic configuration.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENT
Periodic table: a table that arrange all the known elements in order of increasing proton number. a chart in which elements having chemical & physical properties are grouped together. a) A vertical column - group. b) A horizontal row - period.
VIDEO 2

a) GROUP
18 vertical columns Elements in the = group have the = number of valence and similar chemical properties. For example: oxygen & sulfur are both found in group 16, which means that both of it have 6 valence .
GROUP NUMBER = NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
VIDEO 3

Group number = number of valence electron, if the element is in block s and d OR Group number = number of v.e. + 10, if the element is in block p

 Main groups in periodic table: Group 1: alkali metals (except H) Group 2: alkaline earth metals Group 3 - 12: transition metals Group 16: chalcogens Group 17: halogens Group 18: inert/noble/rare gases

b) PERIOD
7 horizontal rows For example: H & He are in Period 1 because their principal quantum number of the valence electron shell is 1. ( H: 1s1 ; He: 1s2 )
PERIOD NUMBER = PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER, n OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE VALENCE SHELL
VIDEO 4

Classification of the Elements

VIDEO 5

BLOCKS
4 main blocks according to the valence/outermost ground-state electron configuration. These main blocks are block s, p, d and f.

s Block
Group 1 VIDEO 6 and 2 VIDEO 7 Half-filled or completely filled outermost s orbital Valence electron only in s orbital Configuration of valence electron : ns1 to ns2 Eg. 11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3s1 Ca: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4s2 20

p Block
Groups 13 to 18 (except He) Configuration of valence electrons : ns2 np1 to ns2 np6 Eg. 13Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 3s2 3p1 Te: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 52 4d10 5s2 5p4 5s2 5p4
VIDEO 8 Block p: VIDEO 9, VIDEO 10, VIDEO 11

d Block
transition element Groups 3 to 12 Configuration of valence electron : (n-1)d1 ns2 to (n-1)d10 ns2 Eg. 23V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 = [Ar] 3d3 4s2 3d3 4s2 where [Ar] = 18 electrons

f Block
Elements in the series of lanthanides (La to Lu) and actinides (Ac to Lr) Valence electron in the subshell of 4f and 5f.

Element P
Q R S T

Grou Perio p d 18
17 2 5 18

Class/period Inert gas/ block p

Block p Block s Transition element/ block d Inert gas/block p

3
4 4 4 4

ns1

ns2np1

ns2np2

ns2np3

ns2np4

ns2

4f 5f

d5

d10

d1

ns2np5

Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements

ns2np6

Metal, nonmetal and metalloids

All the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table (except for hydrogen) are metallic elements, or metals.

 The metals are separated from the non-metallic elements by the diagonal step-like line that runs from boron (B) to Astatine (At) as shown:

Further across the period towards the right, elements gradually lose their metallic character and gained nonmetallic features.

 Many of the elements that lie along the line that separates metals from non-metals, such as antimony (Sb) have properties that fall between those of metals and non-metals. These elements are often referred to as metalloids.(semi-metals)

VIDEO 13

CONCLUSION
Periods, groups & blocks:- s, p, d, f Position of metals and non-metals Position of elements in groups 1 ,2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 based on electron configuration