Punctuation

Dennis Ling Firdaus Javerico

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 Is the system of symbols that writers use to make their writing clear and to add emphasis, intonation, and pause to a work. Marks of punctuation are traffic signs for readers. They guide us through the maze of words and ideas that any piece of writing presents.

Punctuation

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 Writers punctuate sentences for two reasons; 1. To provide order and structure to an otherwise dark and disorganised stream of words.
Without punctuation mark to indicate starting and stopping points, pauses, and other breaks, most readers would drown in a sea of undifferentiated thought, facts, and ideas.

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2. To add style to writing.

Speech is punctuated with hand gestures, pauses, tone changes, breathing, and facial expressions. Each of these adds a subtle meaning to the spoken sentence that it accompanies, but all of them disappear when words are put to the page Writers sometimes use punctuation in place of the natural styling.

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Types of punctuation
Types The Period The Comma The Colon The Semicolon The Apostrophe The Question mark
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Symbol . , : ; ?

Type Symbol The Exclamatory mark ! Parentheses ( ) Brackets [ ] The hyphen The Dash Quotation marks
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The period
To present a strong pause or a break. Used with: Imperative and declarative sentences No entrance. Alarm will sound. Ellipses Give me a dozen healthy infantsand Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-J.B. Watson Abbreviations E.g.
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The comma
Is a mark of separation. Divides items in a series, distinguish subordinate from the main clause, and insert stylistic pauses, among other thing. Used with: Adverbial clauses Until we have your final report, we cannot make a decision

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 Verbal To win this competition, we must trust each other. Conjunctive adverbs Eventually, the truth will prevail. With numbers 1, 927

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 Preposition phrases After the concert, we stopped for a cup of coffee. With negative and affirmative adverbs Yes, I have the dog with me. No, it definitely will not going well. With names Kent, Clark.
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 With nouns in direct address I have told you, Ms. Stevens, that we no longer sell coconut shakes.
With interjections Oh, I didnt expect to see you here. Appositives Jennifer, the consummate hostess, put together another staggering dinner party. Thats Herbie, my dog.
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 Adjectives Our chicken dinner benefited from those large, aromatic cloves of garlic. To set off phrases of contrast Aaron told her to chop the onion, not dice it. To set off interrogative clauses This is the place, isnt it?
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 Three or more items in a series I need you to buy olive oil, sun dried tomatoes, and paprika for me.

To indicate omissions Frank is a strong man, and Hank, a clever man. With quoted material Terry said, Bring me the flashlight.

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 To set off phrases of contrast Aaron told her to chop the onion, not dice it. To set off interrogative clauses This is the place, isnt it? With dates September 9, 2011 With number 1,872
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 With salutations Dear Wendy, thank you so much. With addresses and location His address is Vern Nutley, 57 Hawthorne Way, Rockford, IL 61114. With titles John Addison, Ph.D., M.D. has agreed to consult on a research project.
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 Often indicate a strong break in a strong break in a sentence and mean as follows. Used with: Appositives I have only one thing to say to you: Get a life. Lists Mom asked us to get these things from the grocers: bread, milk, and cheese.

The colon

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 To introduce a long quote. The first page of the novel reads as follows: It was a dark and stormy night. To separate the pieces of a page specification. Chapter 8: Section 7. To separate the number in a ratio. Combine the three chemicals in a 3:5:1 ratio.

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 To separate the elements in written time. By Greenwich mean time, it is 22:34:56:05. To separate the title and subtitle of a book. I just read a book called Too Many Hats: A Man and His Compulsions.

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The semicolon
Indicates a stronger pause than the comma but a weaker pause than the period. Used with: Compound sentences to separate main clauses in a compound sentence when no coordinate conjunction is used. I woke up; I got out of bed.

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 To separate main clauses in a compound sentence when a conjunction adverb introduces the second clause. Your plan is insane; nevertheless, it is our only hope. Items in a series The guest list includes Bill, my cousin; Susan, my best friend; and Arnold, my brother.

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The apostrophe
To indicate possessive nouns with singular and plural nouns that do not end in s Singular: boy boys Plural: women womens With singular nouns that ends in s, add apostrophe s (s) classs bosss
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 With plural nouns that end in s, just add an apostrophe. tigers tigers girls girls With missing letters going goin buying buyin

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 With plural of letters and abbreviations r rs A As Ph.D.s

With contractions is not isnt he is hes

With missing digits 1981 81

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The question mark

With direct interrogative sentences What did you order? With imperative sentences written as questions Would you fetch the paper, please? With interrogative sentence element are you sure of her loyalty? her skills? her determination?
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Exclamation Marks
An exclamation mark is used to demonstrate an emphatic statement, an interjection or a command. Eg: Yay! We Won! Oh no! Stop! Mild commands or interjections take commas or periods, as appropriate, instead of exclamation points. It is a good idea to remain prudent(sensible/careful) and selective with the use of exclamation marks. Too many can make your writing look unprofessional.

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Quotation Marks
The main function of quotation marks (also referenced as quote marks) is to envelop direct quotations, whether from spoken or written word.

Quote marks must always be used in pairs, regardless of whether the quote marks are doubles or singles. If there an open-quote mark, there must be a close-quote mark.

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Double Quote Mark

Double quote marks ( ) are used to enclose a direct quotation. As Mel Brooks is noted to have said, Anybody can direct, but there are only eleven good writers.

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Single Quote Marks

Single quote marks ( ) are used to hold a quote within a quote.

And then she said, As Mel Brooks is noted to have said, Anybody can direct, but there are only eleven good writers.
As we can see here, if there is concluding punctuation followed by single quotes and double quotes, the sequence is: punctuation, then single quotation mark, then double quote mark.

Between each there is only small space left. This spacing is often referenced as a hair space.

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Use with Titles

Song titles, book chapter or section titles within newspaper and magazines, and the titles of episodes of television or radio programs are all treated in roman type within quotation marks. As long as it is not a quotation within a quotation, these titles are in double quotation marks.

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Examples:
Title Type

Copacabana (At the Copa) Song title from Ultimate Manilow Punctuation Chapter title from Grammar and Style at Your Fingertips Graphic Novels New Newspaper article from New Readers York Times The Next Act Magazine article from the New Yorker Sales Resistance Television program episode from I Love Lucy

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Hyphens
Hyphens are punctuation marks used to divide; o Compound words o Various elements of words o Numbers.

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 Hyphens are used with hyphenated compound words and names. More and more often hyphens are being removed and the words are being re-formed as close compound. Eg: post-Einsteinian non-Indo-European

With Compound Words

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For Syllabic Division

Hyphens are used to provide syllabic breaks in words that fall at the end of lines. For compound words, the division should be made only between the words that create the compound or at the fixed hyphens that create the compound.

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Examples: There were many people in town with concentrated and determined sales resistance.

Many other people in town

thought this was the mostdetermined sales force ever.
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Single-syllable words should not be broken, no matter where they fall. If a single-syllable word will not fit on a line, the type should be reflowed or rearranged to fit. If you are uncertain where a words syllables break properly, please check your dictionary.

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For Letter-to-Letter
Hyphens are used whenever words are supposed to be spelled out letter by letter. E.g: l-e-t-t-e-r Pronouncing is one thing, but please at least spell my name correctly: L-a-r-a.

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Numbers Separation
Numbers use hyphens to separate numbers that arent inclusive. Some of these sorts of numbers are ISBNs(International Book Numbers used for books), Social Security numbers, and telephone numbers. Eg: ISBN: 978-1-59257-657-9 Phone: 1-300-88-2525

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En Dashes
En dashes are lines that are larger than hyphens but smaller than em dashes. The en dash can be used to mean to, up to and including, or up to and through, and most often used to join numbers, dates, and words.

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Examples:
His years as principal: 19861996 Reference pages: 345376 Bob Smith (1946) When a spread of information is introduced with the word from, use to and not an en dash to demonstrate the spread. He was principal from 1986 to 1996.

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 En dashes can be used with compound words that are not equal on both sides of the dash. One of the elements of the compound word might be a compound in itself and the other not.

Or both sides might be carrying compound words.

In either case, an en dash is used instead of a hyphen.

Eg:
As soon as we entered the postCold War era.. State University of New YorkStonybrook.
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Em Dashes
Em dashes are very versatile in their use. They can be used within a sentence to indicate an aside or to further explain something not directly in line with the rest of the sentence. Eg: My boss was in a less than jolly moodhe had just been told to fire three people. Bobher truest of true lovesdied in a tragic accident.

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With Sudden Breaks

Sudden breaks in dialogue, thought, or other sentence structure should be indicated by an em dash. Eg: I cant go until The immediate silence that followed instantly caused grave concern.

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With Other Punctuation

Em dashes can be used with exclamation marks or question marks, but not with any other punctuation. Eg: Hey! Stop!

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Two- and Three-Em Dashes

The two- and three-em dashes are used to show that a word, a big part of a word, or a name is missing. When a two-em dash is used to replace a word, be sure a space separates the dash from the text on both sides. However, when a two-em dash replaces letters within a word, it should be closed to the surrounding text.

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a) Her stream of words embarrassed even the sailors. b) Gnarls By [Barkley?]... Three-em dashes, often used in bibliography citation to indicate a missing name or repeat of the proceeding author, should be closed to the following period.
Eg: . Today, Tomorrow, and Forever. New York: Berkley Books, 2007.

Examples:

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Slashes
Slashes are used between two or more words that are alternating options. Eg: This is a pass/fail class. That was a yes/no question.

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 Slashes are also used to show the separation of poetry or song lines that are placed within text. Note that the slashes are separated from the surrounding text with spaces. Eg: The saddest poem Please God, let me see the sunset. / Please God, let me see another morning. / Please God, let me see my friend again / with both eyes intact / and no gaping holes in his body. Was cited simply as being by A Soldier.
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Parentheses
Parenthesis are punctuation marks used to isolate elements within sentences that are not exactly necessary but that add to the readers understanding. These parenthetical expressions include examples, explanation, and digressions.

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Examples:
a) a) She loved her first brand-new car ( a 2000 Ford Escort ZX2) and ignored those who would mock her choice. 2006. The population growth rate dropped(-0.3 percent) in

Parenthesis can also be used to enclose numbers or letters in listings within sentencesor as a design element for list extracts. Eg: a) They decided (1) to stop watching TV and (2) to stop staying up late at night.

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Brackets
Brackets are used within quotations to identify and separate your own commentary from the words that come from the one being quoted. Eg: Once in awhile [sic] even she misspelled an easy word or two. Sic (adv): Used after a word that you have copied in order to show that you know it was not spelled or used correctly.

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 Brackets can also be used within parentheses, just as when single quotes are placed within double quotes. Eg: Sometime before ( before the race [ to the top of the volcano] began), he had already decided to lose.

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