PROJECT TITLE: MAJOR GAME (TABLE TENNIS) MADE BY: DEEPANSH BATHLA CLASS/SEC -: 11th A6 ROLL NO: 12 YEAR:

2011-2012 SCHOOL: DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL GHAZIABAD

I wish to extend my thanks to my teacher Mr. Dharmendra for his information and illuminative guidance. I would also like to thanks my elder brother , my mother and my father for guiding me in the project. At last my sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me during the making of this project.

Table tennis at the highest level

Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of spin to the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage. Table tennis is controlled by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 210 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport, with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008 the doubles have been replaced by the team events.

Highest governing body Nickname(s)

ITTF Ping-pong

First played

1880s England

Characteristics Contact Team members Mixed gender No Single or doubles men, women or other Racquet sport, indoor celluloid, 40 mm 1988

Categorization

Equipment Olympic

The game originated as a sport in Britain during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game,then commonly known as "wiff-waff". A row of books were to be stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Later, table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Street under the name "Gossima". The name "ping-pong" was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name "ping-pong" then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaquesses equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers. The next major innovation was by James Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade.

Ball
The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 2426 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give nonChinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes.

Racket
Players are equipped with a TABLE laminated wooden racket The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) covered with rubber on one or long, 1.525 m (5 ft) two sides depending on the wide, and 76 cm grip of the player. In the USA (30 inch) high with the term "paddle" is common, a Masonite (a type of in Europe the term is "bat," and hardboard) or similarly the official ITTF term is manufactured timber, "racket". layered with a smooth, The wooden portion of the low-frictioncoating. The racket, often referred to as the table or playing surface "blade", features, on average, is divided into two anywhere between one and halves by a 15.25 cm seven plies of wood, cork, glass (6 inch) high net. An fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum ITTF approved table fiber, or even Kevlar. There are surface must be in a no restrictions as to what kinds green or blue color of materials may be used, just so long as the racket consists of at least 85% natural wood.

Starting a game
According to ITTF rule 2.13.1, the first service is decided by lot, normally a coin toss.It is also common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in. The correct or incorrect guess gives the "winner" the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to use. Another method is for one player to hit the ball to the other and he or she returns it or by hitting it back and forth four times and then playing out the point. This is commonly referred to as "play to serve" or "rally to serve".

SERVICE AND RETURN

In game play, the player serving the ball commences a play. The server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high. The server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball's descent so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver's court without touching the net assembly. In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage. The ball must remain behind the endline and above the upper surface, known as the playing surface, of the table at all times during the service. The server cannot use his body or clothing to obstruct sight of the ball; the opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times. If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play and give a warning to the server.

DOUBLE GAME 1-A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line's only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand "box" in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side's right hand box (far left box for server), or the receiving pair score a point. 2-Players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, if A is paired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the server and X is the receiver. The order of play shall be A X B Y. The rally proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the other side scores. 3-At each change of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A X B Y, the order becomes X B Y A after the change of service. Expedite system If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes' play and scored less than 18 points in total, the expedite system comes into effect.The umpire first interrupt the game and each player starts to serve for 1 point in turn until the end of the game. The server has to win the point before the 13th return by the opponent, or the point goes to the opponent. The system can also be operated at any time at the request of both players or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in operation until the end of the match. It's the rule to shorten the time of a match, and is mainly seen in defensive players' games.

Penhold
The penhold grip is so-named because one grips the racket similarly to the way one holds a writing instrument. The style of play among penhold players can vary greatly from player to player. The most popular style, usually referred to as the Chinese penhold style, involves curling the middle, ring, and fourth finger on the back of the blade with the three fingers always remain touching one another. Chinese penholders favour a round racket head, for a more overthe-table style of play. In contrast, another style, sometimes referred to as the Korean penhold grip, involves splaying those three fingers out across the back of the racket, usually with all three fingers touching the back of the racket, rather than stacked upon one another.Sometimes a combination of the two styles occurs, wherein the middle, ring and fourth fingers are straight.

Shakehand
The shakehand grip is so-named because one grips the racket similarly to the way one performs a handshake.The grip is sometimes referred to as the "tennis grip" or the "Western grip," although it has no correlation to the Western grip used in tennis. The shakehand grip is traditionally popular among players originating in Western nations and South Asian nations. Today, however, the shakehand grip is being encouraged over the penhold grip even in some East Asian table tennis establishments, due to its simplicity and versatility compared to the penhold grip. There are many world class Asian players who currently use the shakehand grip.This is primarily due to the increasingly fast nature of the game, making the backhand stroke more prevalent, a stroke which is difficult to execute consistently at a high standard when using the penhold grip.

Speed drive
A direct hit on the ball propelling it forward back to the opponent. This stroke differ from speed drives in other racket sports like tennis because the racket is primarily perpendicular to the direction of the stroke and most of the energy applied to the ball results in speedrather than spin, creating a shot that does not arc much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed drive is used mostly for keeping the ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent, and potentially opening up an opportunity for a more powerful attack.

Counter-drive The counter-drive is usually a counterattack against drives, normally high loop drives. The racket is held closed and near to the ball, which is hit with a short movement "off the bounce" (immediately after hitting the table) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. A well-timed, accurate counter-drive can be as effective as a smash.

Smash
The offensive trump card in table tennis is the smash. A player will typically execute a smash when his or her opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the net. Smashing is essentially self-explanatorylarge backswing and rapid acceleration imparting as much speed on the ball as possible. The goal of a smash is to get the ball to move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the ball speed is the main aim of this shot, often the spin on the ball is something other than topspin.

Chop A chop is the defensive, backspin The push is usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A push counterpart to the offensive loop drive. A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier push, resembles a tennis slice: the racket cuts taken well back from the table. The racket underneath the ball, imparting backspin and face points primarily horizontally, perhaps a causing the ball to float slowly to the other side little bit upward, and the direction of the of the table. While not obvious, a push can be stroke is straight down. The object of a difficult to attack because the backspin on the defensive chop is to match the topspin of ball causes it to drop toward the table upon striking the opponent's racket. In order to attack the opponent's shot with backspin. A good chop will float nearly horizontally back to a push, a player must usually loop the ball back the table. over the net.

Push

Block The block is a simple shot, but nonetheless can be devastating against an attacking opponent. A block is executed by simply placing the racket in front of the ball right after the ball bounces; thus, the ball rebounds back toward the opponent with nearly as much energy as it came in with. This is not as easy as it sounds, because the ball's spin, speed, and location all influence the correct angle of a block.

Lob
The defensive lob is possibly the most impressive shot in the sport of table tennis, since it propels the ball about fifteen feet in the air only to land on the opponent's side of the table with great amounts of spin. To execute a lob, a defensive player first backs off the table 46 meters; then, the stroke itself consists of simply lifting the ball to an enormous height before it falls back to the opponent's side of the table.

Topspin The harder-to-learn topspin stroke has a rotating away from the player, and is imparted smaller influence on the first part of the ballcurve. Like the backspin stroke, however, the by striking the base of the ball with a downward movement.At the professional level, axis of spin remains roughly perpendicular to backspin is usually used defensively in order to the trajectory of the ball thus allowing for the Magnus effect to dictate the subsequent keep the ball low. Backspin is commonly curvature. After the apex of the curve, the employed in service because it is harder to ball clearly dips downwards as it approaches produce an offensive return, especially on a the opposing side, before bouncing. On the short serve. Due to the initial lift of the ball, there is a limit on how much speed with which bounce, the topspin will accelerate the ball, much in the same way that a wheel which is one can hit the ball without missing the opponent's side of the table. However, backspin already spinning would accelerate upon also makes it harder for the opponent to return making contact with the ground. Again, the most significant change appears when the the ball with great speed because of the opponent attempts to return the ball (with a required angular precision of the return. Alterations are frequently made to regulations smooth, pimples inwards rubber). Due to the regarding equipment in an effort to maintain a topspin, the ball jumps upwards and the opponent is forced to compensate for the balance between defensive and offensive spin topspin by adjusting the angle of his or her choices.It is actually possible to smash with backspin offensively, but only on high balls that racket. This is commonly known as "closing the racket". are close to the net.

Backspin Backspin is where the bottom half of the ball is

Competitive table tennis is popular in Asia and Europe and has been gaining attention in the United States. The most important international competitions are the World Table Tennis Championships, the Table Tennis World Cup, the Olympics and the ITTF Pro Tour. Continental competitions include the European Championships, Europe Top-12, the Asian Championships and the Asian Games. Chinese players have won the men's World Championships 60% of the time since 1959; in the women's competition, Chinese players have won all but three of the World Championships since 1971. Other strong teams come from East Asia and European countries, including Austria, Belarus, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Sweden, and Taiwan. There are also professional competitions at the clubs level. The national league of countries like China (the China Table Tennis Super League), Germany, France, Belgium and Austria are some highest level examples.

Founded in 1926, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) is the worldwide governing body for table tennis, which maintains an international ranking system in addition to organizing events like the World Table Tennis Championships. On many continents, there is a governing body responsible for table tennis on that continent. For example, the European Table Tennis Union (ETTU) is the governing body responsible for table tennis in Europe.There are also national bodies and other local authorities responsible for the sport, such as USA Table Tennis (USATT), which is the national governing body for table tennis in the United States.

The most common table tennis injuries are very similar to those involved with standard tennis. Sprained ankles, tennis elbow and Achilles tendinitis are just three of the most frequent table tennis injuries.Table tennis is a non-contact sport but injuries are often picked up when an athlete changes direction or twists their body quickly, leading to pulled muscles and other injury problems. Players that dont warm up properly and stretch their muscles before taking to the table also put themselves at a high risk of injury. Many table tennis injuries are picked up in training because of freak accidents. For example, when a player leaves balls lying around on the floor or spills water without realising, leading to them slipping over and seriously injuring themselves. To avoid table tennis injuries, an athlete should always warm up thoroughly before even picking up a paddle. Its also important to ensure all debris is removed from around the table during play to avoid accidents.