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LESSON 3
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Objectives
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Scalar quantity 1.4 Scalar & Vector
Vector quantity
• A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
• Examples: velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum.
r
• Vector notation : A or A or a
%
• A vector can be represented by an arrow ;
r r
magnitude of A = A or A
vector direction
r
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
• Equality of two vectors
r
P Two vectors are equal if they have equal lengths
r and point in the same direction.
Q r r r r
P = Q P Q and point in the same direction
• Negative of a vector
r
P The negative of a vector is vector having the same
r length but opposite direction.
-P
r
r r r r A
F=2A G= 2A=
1
2
r r r r
• parallel vectors : A ; E ; F ; G
r r r r r r r r
• anti parallel vectors : A and D ; A and H ; F and H ; D and E ;
r r r r r r r r
E and H ; F and D ; D and G ; G and H
r r
• equal vectors : A = E
r r r
• negative of a vector : D = -A = - E
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Quiz :
1. Define scalar quantity
2. Define vector quantity
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Vector Addition & Subtraction
Vector addition
• A resultant vector is a single vector which produces the same
effect ( in both magnitude and direction) as the vector sum of
two or more vectors.
• 2 methods of vector addition :
graphical method - head to tail / tip to tail
- parallelogram
calculation /algebraically (component method)
• Vector addition obeys commutative, associative and distributive
laws
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Additional graphical : head to tail
Example 1
C
r
B A B C
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Example 2
D
Geometric construction for
summing four vectors.
R =A+B+C+D
C
R is the resultant vector
B
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Additional graphical : parallelogram
- The resultant of two vectors acting at any angle may be represented
by the diagonal of a parallelogram.
Example
A
The resultant vector , C is the
diagonal of the parallelogram.
C
B B
C=A+B
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Commutative law :
Example
A A+B = B+A =C
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Associative law :
Example
A + ( B + C) C C
(A + B) + C
B+C A+B
B B
A A
A + ( B + C) = (A + B) + C
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Distributive law :
Example
A+B m(A + B)
B mB
A mA
m(A + B) = mA + mB
Vector addition is distributive
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Vector subtraction :
A B
C -B A - B = A + (-B) = C
• The vector -B is equal in magnitude to vector B
and points in the opposite direction.
• To subtract B from A , applythe ruleof vector
addition to the combination of A and -B
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Example 1
Draw the vectors :
A a) A + B
b) A - B
B
c) 2A + B
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Example 1
Draw the vectors :
A a) A + B
b) A - B
B
c) 2A + B
Solution
a) B b)
A -B
A-B
A+B
A
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
c) 2A + B
B 2A
2A + B
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Components of a vector & Unit Vectors
Components of a vector :
A vector A can be resolved into its components that are
perpendicular to each other.
i) In 2 – D
Vector A is resolved into x-component and y -component
y A = Ax + A y
(vector components)
A x = Ax = A cos or A cos
Ay A (scalar
A y = Ay A sin or A sin components)
)θ x
Magnitude : Direction :
Ax Ay
A Ax2 Ay2 tan 1
Ax 18
1.4 Scalar & Vector
ii) In 3 – D
Vector A can be resolved into 3 components : x, y and z components
(vector
y A = Ax + A y + Az components)
Magnitudes :
Ay
A x = Ax = A cos
A
Ay (scalar
β A y = Ay A cos components)
)α A x x
Az
γ Az A z = Az A cos
Ax
z
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
y
Ay A
x
Ax
Az
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
REMEMBER !!! The signs of the components of a vector (eg: vector A )
depend on the quadrant in which the vector is located :
y
Ax negative Ax positive
Ay positive Ay positive
x
Ax negative Ax positive
Ay negative Ay negative
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Addition of vectors using components (⇒ Cartesian coordinates)
y A = Ax + Ay = A cos A sin
B = Bx + By = B cos B sin
β A
B C = C x + C y = C cos C sin
α
x
γ C Vectors x-component y-component
A A cos A sin
B B cos B sin
C C cos C sin
Let R is the resultant vector,
y
Rx Ax Bx C x A cos B cos C cos
Ry Ay By C y A sin B sin C sin
R
Ry
Magnitude, R Rx2 Ry2 θ x
Rx
Ry
Direction , = tan -1 24
Rx
1.4 Scalar & Vector
Addition of vectors using components (⇒ Cartesan coordinates)
Example 1: Four coplanar forces act on a body at point O. Find their resultant.
y Solution :
y
Let R is the resultant vector,
R 71 N
Rx Fx (80 71 95 150)N = -94 N
37o 143o
Ry Fy (0 71 55 55)N = 71 N -94 N
x
Magnitude, R F (94) 2 (71) 2 118 N
-1 71
Direction , = tan 37 o (or, 143o from positive x-axis ) 25
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Unit Vectors :
• A dimensionless vector
• Have magnitude of 1, with no units.
• Show direction
• Examples :
î : unit vector in the +ve x- direction
k̂
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
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1.4 Scalar & Vector
Addition of vectors using components (⇒ unit vectors)
Example 1:
Given two vectors A (6i 3j k) and B (4iˆ 5jˆ 8k)
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Find C A B and its magnitude.
+2
A B
Solution : F
i
C =A+B
n
(6iˆ 3jˆ k)
ˆ (4iˆ -5j+8k)
ˆ ˆ
d
(6 4)iˆ + (3-5)jˆ + (-1+8)kˆ
t
10iˆ - 2jˆ + 7kˆ h
e
Magnitude, C 102 (2) 2 7 2 12.4
m
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a
1.4 Scalar & Vector
Addition of vectors using components ( unit vectors)
Example 2:
Given two vectors P = (2i + 3j) and Q (3iˆ - 2jˆ + 3k)
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Find R 2P Q and its magnitude.
Solution :
R = 2P - Q
=2(2iˆ + 3jˆ + 0k)
ˆ - (3iˆ - 2jˆ + 3k)
ˆ
Solution : Direction ; F
Cy i
C =A+B tan 1
Cx n
(6iˆ 3j)
ˆ (4iˆ -5j)
ˆ
d
(2)
= tan 1
(6 4)iˆ + (3-5)jˆ 10
= -11.30 t
10iˆ - 2jˆ h
y
10
x
e
Magnitude, C 102 (2) 2 10.2
-2
m
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a
1.4 Scalar & Vector
Conclusion
• Scalar quantity – has magnitude
• Vector quantity – has magnitude and direction
• Vector addition :
head to tail
- graphical
parallelogram
- by calculation ( component method)
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