MATERIAL: MARBLE

STONES

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Manjari sahu Sem 3

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INTRODUCTIO N:
ROCK/ STONE:

A hard mass of mineral matter having, as a rule, no definite external form

In engineering construction the word stone is applied indiscriminately to all classes of hard rocks.

The Earth's crust (including the lithosphere) and mantle are formed of rock.

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ROCK/ STONE CLASSIFICATION:

By Mineral & Chemical composition By the texture of constituent particles By the process that formed them Grain size

Rocks classified into 3 Major categories:

Igneous Rocks

Click to edit Master subtitle style Metamorphic Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

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IGNEOUS ROCKS:

Formed from molten magma by an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition 2 categories: Plutonic (Intrusive) rocks & Volcanic rocks (Extrusive) Intrusive igneous rocks (coarsed grain) are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the earth Extrusive igneous rocks (fine grained)are formed at the Earth's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust E.g. Granite: is an intrusive coarsed grain igneous rock

Click to edit Master subtitle style Basalt is a fine grained extrusive igneous rock
Igneous rocks are classified according to mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical composition & geometry of igneous body

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS:

Is the result of the transformation of a pre existing rock type (protolith) in a process called metamorphism which means change in form The protolith is subjected to heat & extreme pressure causing profound physical and/ or chemical change The protolith may be igneous rock, sedimentary rock or older metamorphic rock E.g. Marble is a metamorphism of limestone (sedimentary rock)

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:

Formed by 4 ways: 1. Deposition of weathered remains of other rocks 2. By accumulation & consolidation of sediments 3. By deposition of the results of biogenic activities 4. By precipitation from solution Formed because of overburden pressure which squeezes the sediments into layered solids in the process called lithification Classified as clastic, biogenic & precipitates E.g. Sand stone is a clastic sedimentary rock formed from rocks that have been Click to edit Master wheathering. broken down into fragments by subtitle style Limestone is a Biogenic sedimentary rock.

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INFLUENCE OF ROCKS/ STONES ON HUMANS:

Huge impact on the cultural & technological advancement of human race Rocks normally consist of several minerals, some essential, some accessory Mining of rocks & their metal ore The use of stone dates back to the stone age-the earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone tools.

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Stone finds varied uses right from building material to decoration to weapons etc.

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NATURAL STONES:
The most aesthetic, eco friendly construction material known to human kind. There are many types of natural stone, each with their own properties and benefits. Some are more ideally suited for aesthetically highlighting areas of your home than others

Natural stone is mined from the earth. Marble, slate, granite, limestone and sandstone are among the rocks pulled from quarries around the world and used to construct and furnish our buildings and interiors

They offer timeless elegance, matchless durability and easy maintenance and its these qualities that recommend stone as good material choices

Limitless, sturdy, practical and quality option for any type of interior application.

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SAND STONE:

Youngest of the quartz-based stones Sedimentary rock composed of sand size minerals or rock grains Most sandstone is formed in oceans, lakes and rivers where tiny bits of rock and dirt settle to the bottom. Year after year, these layers of sand get buried under tons of more sand and dirt until it is turned into solid rock Three components are considered: Quartz grains, Feldspar grains & Rock fragment grains. The cements binding grains together are typically calcite, clays & silica.

Click to edit Master subtitle style Composition and cementing material Determine type of sandstone 1. Arkosic sandstones: >25% feldspar content and a composition similar to granite. 2. Quartzose sandstones: high (>90%) quartz content. 3. Argillaceous sandstones:significant clay or silt content
The color varies from red, green, yellow, gray and white

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Qualities:

Highly resistant to acids, alkalis and thermal impact. Extremely hard and tough material Some of the sandstone are so homogeneous and soft that they are capable of receiving most elaborate carving and filigree work

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Applications: Manufacturing of plate glass, fine table glassware, and common glassware. Crushed in concrete and asphalt to fill in dike and jetty construction. Rough and weathered sandstone is used as fireplaces, walls, and walkways. As decorative stones. As bookends, clocks, paperweights, coaster, etc. As flooring or paving material. Load bearing masonry Sandstone slabs and sandstone tiles are used in cladding. In chemical industries as flooring, wall fixing and lining due to its acid and alkali resistant properties. It is ideal foredit Master subtitle style Click to carving and architectural uses as pillars, arches, garden furniture, fountains, landscaping products and stone arts & crafts. Sandstone blocks are used as foundations and stonewalls.

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LIME STONE:

Limestone is calcareous sedimentary rocks All limestone are formed when the calcium carbonate crystallises out of solution Formed at the bottom of lakes and seas with the accumulation of shells, bones and other calcium rich goods. The organic matter upon which it settles in lakes or seas, are preserved as fossils. Over thousands and millions of years, layer after layer is built up adding weight. The heat and pressure Click to edit Master subtitle style causes chemical reaction at the bottom and the sediments turn into solid stone, the limestone. Mainly consists of Calcite (CaCO3) with variable amount of silica, clay, silt & sand Pure limestone is white. Because of impurities many limestones exhibit different colours (yellowish, grey, white)

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Qualities:

Readily available Easy to cut into blocks or more elaborate carvings Long lasting & stands up well to exposure Heavy material Quite expensive Partially soluble especially in acids & forms many erosional landforms Relatively flat appearance.

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Applications: Flooring, Wall cladding, Vanity tops & furniture

Cement & mortar Production, refining metals, blackboard chalk Manufacture of quick lime (calcium oxide) & slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) Pulversised limestone used as soil conditioner to neutralise acid soil conditions Crushed for use as aggregate- the solid base for many roads As a reagent in desulfurization Glass making Toothpaste It is used to clean waste gases and water before releasing them into the environment by some factories

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Other Sedimentary stones:

CONGLOMERATE BRECCIA GREYWACKE CHALK DOLOMIT E

ARKOSE SEPTARIAN NODULES SHELLY LIMESTONE COAL SHALE

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GRANITE:

The Earths Oldest Building Material Plutonic (intrusive), felsic, coarse grained, igneous Rock visibly crystalline texture Formation by 1. Magmatic processes by melting of silicate rocks 2. Melting of sedimentary rocks 3. Chemical replacement process Primarily consists of: Major: feldspar (white mineral grains), quartz (light gray, glass like) and biotite or mica (black grains), orthoclase, plagioclase, hornblende, muscovite Click to edit Master subtitle style Minor: Magnetite, garnet, zircon & apatite The minerals in granite are interlocked like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle 3 Main Varieties: Biotite Granite Hornblende Granite Tourmaline Granite

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Qualities:

Tough Durable Massive Suitable for cutting & polishing Elegant & easy to care for variety of colours,textures & finishes makes it eye catching & aesthetic material Resists to corrosion, stain resistant resists to wear & tear not influenced by freeze-thaw cycles natural acoustic barrier thermal inertia, heat resistant Minimal absorption, waterproof Click to edit Master subtitle style Higher Flexural strength exceptional dimensional ability, its tolerance to constant changes in temperature and moisture without a significant change in its size

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Colours/ Texture:

Based on the composition, the color and the make of the granite also varies. There are various types of granite comprising of over hundreds of shades Within India itself there are around 200 shades of granite available

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Applications: 1. Architectural Stone Exterior and interior cladding panels Stairs and copings Columns Paving and floor covering Signage Window-sills and moldings, etc. 2. Urban Design Horizontal surfaces (pavers, steps, etc.) Security barriers and railings Click to edit Master picnic tables, etc.) Urban furniture (park benches, subtitle style Monuments (urban and other)

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Applications: 3. Interior Design Bistro tables Countertops and vanities Reception desks Conference tables Pedestals 4. Civil Engineering Street curbs Bridge pillars Retaining walls Fire-break walls Click to edit Master subtitle Well bed-plates, mains

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Other Igneous stones:

PUMICE BASALT PYROCLASTICS

ANDESITE

PERIDOTITE DIORITE

SYENITE RHYOLITE DOLERITE

MICROSYENITE IGNIMBRITE GABBRO

PITCHSTONE GRANDIORITE ECOGLITE Click to edit Master subtitle style

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SLATE STONE:

Compact, fine grained, Metamorphic, laminated rock Formation from the original shale type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low grade regional metamorphism developing a characteristic cleavage Mainly consists of quartz & muscovite or illite often along with biotite, chlorite, hematite & pyrite along with less frequently apatite, graphite, kaolin, magnetite, tourmaline or zircon as well as feldspar

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Most common colours are dark blue, bluish black, purplish gray, bluish gray & green, occasionally red , brown & cream colours

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Qualities: Great hardness & density

Splits along the planes called planes of slaty cleavage which is the most valuable characteristics of slate as masses can be split into slabs & plates of small thickness & large area. Most anisotropic in behavior High flexural strength Thermal stability & chemical inertness Slate is durable and waterproof Slate flooring can provide good insulation from both heat and cold It is known for long life and durability

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Slate is resistance to chipping, cracking and abrasion. Combined with other materials gives quality and attractiveness

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Application: Not a building stone but used extensively for covering steps, walls & roof of buildings, flooring & paving stone, Stepping stone in garden & also for sanitary purpose

Sometimes used to make light traffic macadam Fine slate can be used as whetstone to hone kieves For laboratory bench tops & billiard table tops. Earlier it was used for blackboards & individual writing slates for which slate pencils were used

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As a decor in fresh water aquariums

Square blocks for a break band in section of granite paving Decorative clocks and thermometers Picture frame, mirrors, coasters, trivets, switch plates, candle holders.

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Other metamorphic stones:

GNEISS SCHIST QUARTZIT E HORNFELS

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DIMENSIONAL STONES:

Dimensional stone are the stones that are cut and shaped with specific dimensions Dimensional stones can be in the form of tiles, slabs, circle or steps It is often used for architectural accents such as quoins, jack arches, window sills, keys, trim, coping, hearths, and treads. Also used for cladding, surrounds, benches, balustrades, mantels, and countertops. Types of dimensional stones: Click to edit Master
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Stone tiles: Pieces of stones sliced out of boulders into a variety of sizes and shapes. Stone slabs: A thick, broad piece of stone which can be further used to create a large variety of artifacts and things of use in kitchen, living rooms and garden.

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Granite, marble, sandstone and limestone are most commonly used depending upon the general requirements of aesthetic appearance, resistance to abrasion and chemicals.

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PAVING STONES:

Paving stones are stones that are used to pave an area Granite, marble, sandstone and limestone are most commonly used depending upon the general requirements of aesthetic appearance, resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Types of Paving stones: 1. Stone steps:Stone steps are durable & look attractive and less obtrusive than wooden steps on upland sites. These are generally used on slopes with thin soils that rapidly erode and this controls erosion. Types: Simple Stone Steps, Mortared Stone Steps, Pitched Stone Steps, Capping Stone Steps
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Click to edit Stone cobbles are handstyle natural Master subtitle chiseled Stone cobbles:

stones which are environmentally sound, recyclable, nonslip, everlasting and require almost no maintenance. The size of cobbles lie between a boulder and a pebble. They can be put to innumerable uses and are generally used for pavements, outhouses and pool sides. Cobbles Laying Patterns: Random work, flat parallel work, coursed work

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Types of Paving stones: 3. Stone circles: circular stones that can be plain or with several different designs on it. Various patterns like circles, sun circles, etc. are usually handcrafted on the stones. Many of the suppliers offer a range of circles featuring a center stone with one, two, three or more outer rings of pre cut flags, giving a selection of different diameters. Stepping stones: Stepping stones are a great addition to any home's garden or backyard dcor. They are commonly used Master subtitle style Click to editin walkway areas and are available in an assortment of shapes, sizes and designs. Stone tiles:

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ARCHITECTURAL STONES:

A stone designed and curved to precise specifications. An array of architectural stone has the ability to accent the look of any house. They can be cast into a multitude of shapes, colors and textures for any number of customized architectural applications. These are widely used for walls, fireplaces, copings, distinctive trim, railings or balustrades Granite, marble, sandstone, limestone and travertine are most widely carved to make beautiful and amazing architectural stones. Types of architectural stones: 1. Click to edit Master subtitle style Stone treads & risers: Treads and risers should be structurally sound, flat, dry, clean, and smooth. They may be an exterior or interior applications.
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Stone copings: Coping stone is a stone placed at the top of the wall to serve as a cover for the wall.Difference in patterns of coping provide the most obvious characteristics of different walling styles Upright coping, random coping, level top coping, locked top coping, buck & doe coping are some of types of coping

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Types of architectural stones:

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Stone roofing tiles: It is a stone tile designed to be used for roofs. It is available in a multitude of colors and shapes. Stone roofing is extremely beautiful and add uniqueness and elegance to roofing Stone bricks: Stone bricks are building blocks made of stone. Stone bricks add value, beauty and elegance to any building. They are used for paving walls and hard surfaced floors Stone strips: Stone Strip is a long narrow piece of stone, Click to uniformMaster subtitlemade by cutting edit width. The strips are style usually of stones into pieces of varying length and widths as per the requirements. Stone strips are used for making different designs on the walls and to create varied patterns

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ARCHITECTURAL STONES:

Types of architectural stones: Stone blocks: Stone blocks are large masses of stones that are excavated from stone quarries. They are molded and shaped for different purposes. They are carved to make statues and monuments. An array of beautifully chiseled artifacts are also crafted out which are unmatchable in their styles, designs and finish. Tumbled stone:Tumbling is a process of smoothing and polishing a hard substance like stone. For tumbling of stones a rubber barrel is loaded with consignment of rocks, abrasive grit and a lubricant. Silicon carbide grit is Click to edit and water is the universal lubricant. The commonly used Master subtitle style barrel is then placed on slowly rotating rails and the stones are gradually smoothed and polished. These smoothed and polished stones are called tumbled stones. Finishes of Tumbled Stones: Natural tumbled, honed tumbled, polished tumbled, antique tumbled.

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LANDSCAPING STONES:

Natural stone remain the most desired choice of materials for landscaping architects worldwide. Such stones used for landscaping are called landscaping stones With the extensive array of landscaping stones more fulfilling ways are coming in to enhance your home's beauty. Stones like granite, limestone, marble, slate and sandstone are most widely used stones for landscaping. Types of landscaping stones: 1. River bed pebbles: . Pebbles are rounded or partially rounded rock or mineral fragments between andsubtitle style Click toalong the bed2of river runningdiameter sand edit Master 75 mm in through . Found deposits . Available in an array of decorative aggregates of different colors, shapes and textures that will augment any garden or driveway . They are durable, functional and require low maintenance . Types: Marble pebbles, Limestone pebbles, Granite pebbles
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Stone circles Stone cobbles Stone steps

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NATURAL STONES:
GEM STONES: Gemstones are precious or semi-precious stones which are cut or polished to be used in many different ways

The qualities sought in gems are beauty, rarity, and durability. The beauty of a gem depends primarily on its optical properties, which impart its luster, fire, and color The physical properties by which gems are distinguished from each other are form of the crystal, index of refraction of light, hardness, presence or absence of cleavage, type of fracture in stones without cleavage, specific gravity, color, streak), luster, and transparency. edit Master subtitle style Click to The precious stones are diamond; some forms of corundum (ruby, sapphire, Oriental emerald, Oriental topaz, and Oriental amethyst); and emerald. The chief semiprecious stones are aquamarine, amethyst, topaz, garnet, tourmaline, spinel, peridot, zircon, chrysoberyl, quartz, opal, turquoise, moonstone, and jade. The organic gems are pearl, amber, coral, and jet; of these, pearl is usually counted as a precious stone.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESSES:
QUARRYING OF GRANITE: Granite is cut from the bed of the quarry with a jet piercing machine that produces a flame burning at very high temperatures or by using diamond wire saws. It is separated from the bottom by explosives. Likewise, when high-speed drills are used, rows of drilled holes are loaded with explosives. The explosives are detonated to free the sections of granite on all sides and on the bottom. The large sections are then broken into workable sizes by wedging. In this process, steel wedges are driven manually into holes previously drilled along the desired line of cleavage. The sections are readily forced apart and cross-wedged into rectangular blocks. Large cranes, or derricks, lift these blocks to the quarry's rim. Granites areto the form of large blocks rightstyle Click in edit Master subtitle after they are quarried FURTHER PROCESSINGS: Blocks are moved from the quarries. Blocks are then sent to the factories for sawing. After the uneven portions of the blocks are dressed with a wire saw, the blocks are cut into slabs by gang saw machines and polished by line polishing machines. Large and powerful machines called gang saws essentially a number of saws working together are used to cut granite blocks into slab. Once the processing is over, the stone is ready for further use

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MANUFACTURING PROCESSES:
FEW STONE MACHINERIES & EQUIPMENTS: 1. QUARRYING EQUIPMENTS Wire Saws--offer flexibility in shaping the granite and are used to cut the slabs into unusual shapes Chain Saws-- Power saw equipped with multiple blades to make several parallel cuts at once Pneumatic jack hammers-- is a portable percussive-drill, operated by compressed air and used to drill rock, break up pavement, etc diesel operated compressors: hydraulic jacks splitting equipment winches Click to edit Master subtitle style excavators air pillows & many more 2. PROCESSING MACHINERY: marble gangsaws tiling plants circular saws for granite polishing machines etc. stonecraft machinery & many more

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MANUFACTURING PROCESSES:
FEW STONE MACHINERIES & EQUIPMENTS: 1. MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS: jib cranes derricks excavators gantry cranes mobile cranes dumpers trucks air pillows tractor trolleys and many more...... Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Tradition of Stones history, dating back to 3200 BC has been influenced India's long

considerably by the disposition, development and use of stones and other construction materials. Dimension stones have also left deep imprints on the architectural heritage of the country. Innumerable temples,forts and palaces of Ancient indian civilization have been carved out of locally available stones. The Taj Mahal at Agra stands testimony to the age-defying beauty of Indian marble. Some of the ancient rocks cut wonders include Khajurao temple, Elephanta Caves, and Konark temple. Besides, all major archeological excavations have revealed exquisitely carved statuettes and carvings in stone. Ancient Bhuddhist monuments like the Sanchi stupa of 3rd century BC have also been carved out of stone.subtitle style Click to edit Master This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India like the Presidential house and Parliament house, and Supreme court made from high quality sandstones of rajasthan. The Bahai house of Worship of New Delhi stands testimony to the relevance of marble in modern Indian Architecture.

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Stones are still the mainstays of civil construction in India, with stones being used extensively in public buildings, hotels, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the burgeoning middle class of India. The success of commercial stone industry solely depends upon defects in rock/stone. Natural defects in ornamental/commercial rock deposits adversely affect the quality of rock deposit. Detection of natural defects in decorative and dimensional stone industry play vital role in the quality assessment. India is pioneer in the exploration, mining of commercial rock deposits and in establishing a firm base for stone industry. India, with an estimatedto edit Master 1,690 million cu m, comprising over 160 Click resource of about subtitle style shades of Dimension Stone Granites (DSG), accounts for about 205 of the world resources. Of the 300 varieties being traded in the world market, nearly half of them are from India. Commercially viable granite and other rock deposits are reported from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and others.

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MARBLE :

Cultural symbol of tradition a hard crystalline metamorphic rock of granular texture Formation by regional or contact metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks Primarily consists of Limestone or dolomite or both. Varieties include: calcites (from calciferous limestone) dolomites (from dolomitic limestone) serpentines (typically green marbles) Click to (sedimentary limestone) edit Master subtitle travertines

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The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone

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Qualities:

Marbles beauty is legendary, and its variety plentiful Represents beauty, elegance & sophistication in modern era Takes high polish With care, it is low on maintenance Durable & high strength Resistance to fire & corrosion Ability to reflectedit Click to light

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Low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before it is scattered out resulting in the waxy look which gives life to marble sculptures of human body

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Physical Properties of Marble Physically, these are recrystallized, Hard, Compact, fine to very fine grained metamorphosed rocks capable of taking shining polish.
Lime (CaO) Silica (SiO2) MgO FeO + Fe2O3 Loss On Ignition (LOI) 28-32% 3-30% (varies with variety) 20 to 25% 1-3% 20-45%

Chemical Properties of Marble Chemically, they are crystalline rocks composed predominantly of calcite, dolomite or serpentine minerals. The other minor constituents vary from origin Click to edit Master subtitle style to origin.
Hardness Density Compressive Strength Modulus of Rupture Water Absorption 3 to 4 on Moh's Scale 2.55 to 2.7 Kg/cm3 70 to 140 N/mm2 12 to 18 N/mm2 Less than 0.5% (except Rainforest Green/Brown with 2-3%) Quite low Resistant

Porosity Weather Impact

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Indian deposits of marble

Marbles deposits are widespread in India, with deposits of economic importance being concentrated in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya pradesh, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Newer varieties are gradually being developed for economic exploitation in the states of Bihar , Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sikkam, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Rajasthan is the main depository of marble, with reserves spread over the districts of Nagaur, Udaipur, Jaipur, Sirohi, Ajmer, Bundi, and Pali. The main varieties in Rajasthan include Green, Makrana Kumari White, Makrana dhungri white, Jhiri Onyx, Indo-italian, baramal pink, Forest Green, Forest Brown, Agaria white, dan white morvar. Next to Rajasthan, Gularat has vast reserves of marble in the districts of Banaskantha, Baruch, Vadodara, Kachchh, and Panchmahal. Of these, Click to edit Master subtitle style Ambaji area in Banaskantha district and Chunchupura area in Vadodara district are the main quarrying centres for marble. Deposits of marble in Andhra Pradesh are spread over Guntur, Khammam, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Anantapur districts. Marble rocks of Bedhaghat, Katni, Majholi near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh are the latest discoveries.

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Applications:

Extremely pure calcite marble is used for most statues Large blocks of coloured marble are used for columns, floors and other parts of buildings popular choice for countertops, flooring, fireplaces, foyers, bars, tables, showers and windows Smaller pieces of marble are crushed or finely ground and used as abrasives in soaps and other products like paints, toothpastes & plastics Crushed marble is used in paving roads and in manufacturing Click to edit Master subtitle style roofing materials and soil treatment products Dolomite rich marble may be a source for magnesium and is used as an ingredient in the manufacture of refracting materials. Primary component of most of cements

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Types Of Marble There are numerous different types of marble ranging from the pure white Carrara which was used in ancient marble sculptures to Tennessee marble which has a pink hue to it. Due to the cost of marble, many people opt to use cheaper materials such as granite, Travertine, Sandstone or Slate which can be less expensive than purchasing bulk or even wholesale marble. Below if a list of the most common types of marble: Carrara Marble Pure white marble commonly used by the Greeks and Romans to design statues and fountains. Faux Marbling Refers to the painting of a surface intended to look Click to edit Master subtitle style like marble. It is commonly used in buildings where costs are trying to be avoided. Paper Marbling Another technique used to resemble true marble. Different color patterns are used together to give the material the look and feel of marble. Limestone Usually either beige or tan, this type of marble usually forms at the bottom of a lake. Semester 2: 4/15/12 Breccias This type of marble is also called Breccia Oniciata or Breche

Artificial marble
Marble dust is combined with cement or synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble. The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbeling, a painting technique that imitates the stone's color patterns. Click to edit Master subtitle style

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USES OF MARBLE
Sculpture White marble was prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with the softness and relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic "waxy" look which gives "life" to marble sculptures of the human body. Construction marble Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, Click or edit Master subtitle style dolomite to serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the term "marble" is used for any crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the holston formation.
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Industrial use
Colorless or light-colored marbles are a very pure source of calcium carbonate, which is used in a wide variety of industries. Finely ground marble or calcium carbonate powder is a component in paper, and in consumer products such as toothpaste, plastics, and paints.. Ground calcium carbonate can be made from limestone, chalk, and marble; about three-quarters of the ground calcium carbonate worldwide is made from marble. Ground calcium carbonate is used as a coating pigment for paper because of its high brightness and as a paper filler because it strengthens the sheet and imparts high brightness. Ground calcium carbonate is used in consumer products such as a food additive, in toothpaste, and as an inert filler in pills. It is used in plastics because it imparts stiffness, impact strength, dimensional stability, and thermal conductivity. It is used in paints because it is a good filler and extender, has high brightness, and is weather resistant. However, the growth in demand for ground calcium carbonate in the last Click to edit for a coating pigment in style decade has mostly beenMaster subtitle paper. Calcium carbonate can also be reduced under high heat to calcium oxide(also known as "lime"), which has many applications including being a primary component of many forms of cement.

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Impurities in Marble The following are the major mineral impurities in marble: Quartz Tremolite Actinolite Chert Garnet Biotite Muscovite Microline Talc Fosterite The following are the major chemical impurities in marble: SiO2 Fe2O3 Click to edit Master subtitle style 2Fe2O3 3H2O Limonite Manganese Al2O3 FeS2(pyrite) On account of the mineral composition of marble the colour variations

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Thank You
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