Tomasz Halapacz 7halat58@solent.ac.

uk

Introduction
Definition Background Overview of the technology Examples Summary

What is Delay Tolerant Networking [DTN]

DTNs= o Disruption Tolerant Network o Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks [ICMNs] o InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet Communication over vast distances where end-to-end continuous connectivity is not required (Cerf, et al., 2007)

Background
In 1966 Leonard Kleinrock of MIT developed the theory of packet switching DARPA has funded NASA to develop Interplanetary Internet
(Farrell, S., 2006)

Leonard Kleinrock

Vint Cerf and others has developed initial DTN architecture in July 1998.
o The initial public announcement of this project can be found in the JPL house journal .Available: Universe (7 August 1998)
Vinton Cerf

In 2002 Kevin Fall has proposed DTN acronym as Delay Tolerant Networks
(Sterbenz, J., 2005)

2002- Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group

(DTNRG., 2011)

Kevin Fall

When do we need DTNs?

Can be adapted to scenarios other than inter-planetary communication To enable network access, when infrastructure is: o difficult to deploy o expensive to deploy o available, but a DTN can still improve performance (Cerf, V. et al., 2002)

Some real life examples where DTNs are being used..

Infrastructure is difficult to deploy

Wild-life tracking
ZebraNet project, Kenya
(Princeton University. 2007)

Infrastructure expensive to deploy

Providing Internet connectivity to developing regions. E.g., Email
KioskNet Project in India and Ghana

(Keshaw, S. 2009)

Interplanetary Examples
2008 November DINET 1 Test: Deep Impact DTN experiment: Moved 292 images (about 14.5 MB) through the DTN (NASA, 2010) network
2009 November DINET 2 postponed to 2011 due to Hartley 2 Comet
(NASA, 2010)

How it Works?
Store and Forward Bundling

Intermediate
i

(Boucher, M. 2002)

Source

Destination

Bundle Layer
The figure below compares Internet protocol layers with DTN protocol layers
potential delay

TCP/IP Model Application

Transport - TCP

Mission Control Application Ground Sattelite Station Bundle Layer Network Specific Layers Network Specific Layers

Rover Application

Network - IP Link Physical

Network Specific Layers

Network Specific Layers

Source: Wartham, F. 2003. Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs): Tutorial

DTN operates over existing protocols and provide a gateway when a node touches two or more dissimilar networks

Summary
DTN began intended as Interplanetary Internet for deep-space connectivity, but is now also used for adhoc sensor networks. DTN Routers are equipped with significant persistent storage Data is moved like store-and-forward email messages in bundles between nodes, when limited connectivity becomes available

Round-trip times could range from milliseconds to days

Retransmission may be very expensive

Live Video from NASA

2011. NASA allows the public to watch technicians assemble and test NASA's next Mars rover Curiosity Source:
http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherover now/

Any Questions?

Thank You!

Tomasz Halapacz

7halat58@solent.ac.uk

References
Aggelou, G. 2008. Wireless Mesh Networking, McGraw-Hill.
Anagnostopoulos, C. and S. Hadjiefthymiades .2010. "Delay-tolerant delivery of quality information in ad hoc networks." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. Boucher, M. 2002. The InterPlanetary Internet (IPN) [online] Available: http://images.spaceref.com/news/02.28.00.marsnetwork.jpg [accessed 27 February 2011] Cerf, V. et al., 2002. Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture: The Evolving Interplanetary Internet, August. Cerf, V. et al., 2007. Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture, IETF RFC 4838, informational, April. Cerf. V, et al., 2001. Interplanetary Internet (IPN): Architectural Definition. Online] Available: http://www.ipnsig.org/reports/memo-ipnrg-arch-00.pdf [accessed 03 February 2011] Durst, R. and Feighery, P. ,2006. Why not use the Standard Internet Suite for the Interplanetary Internet?, IPN Special Interest Group, (http://www.ipnsig.org/reports/TCP_IP.pdf). DTNRG., 2011. Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group [online] Available: http://www.dtnrg.org/ [last accessed 28 February 2011] Fall, K. 2003. A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for Challenged Internets [online] Available: http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2003/papers/p27-fall.pdf

References
Farrell, S. and V. Cahill (2006). Delay- and disruption-tolerant networking, Artech House. Ivancic, W. et al. 2010. Large File Transfers from Space using Multiple Ground Terminals and DelayTolerant Networking. IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom), Miami [online] Available: http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/publications/ivancic-globecom-largefile-dtn.pdf [accessed 05 February 2011] Keshaw, S. 2009. The KioskNet Project Overview. [online] Available: http://blizzard.cs.uwaterloo.ca/tetherless/index.php/KioskNet [accessed 20 February 2011] Meghanathan, N., B. Kaushik, et al. (2010). Advances in Networks and Communications: First International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, CCSIT 2011, Bangalore, India, January 2-4, 2011. Proceedings, Springer. NASA. 2010. EPOXI Mission Overview [online] Available: http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/index.shtml [accessed 25 February 2011] Princeton University. 2007. Zebranet Project Overview. [online] Available: http://www.princeton.edu/~mrm/zebranet.html [accessed 15 February 2011] Scott, K. and Burleigh, S.2007, Bundle Protocol Specification, IETF RFC 5050, experimental, November.

Sterbenz, J. and Krishnan, R. 2005. Survivable and Disruption Tolerant Networking. [online] Available: http://www.sterbenz.org/jpgs/tutorials/sumowin-dtn/SUMOWIN-DTN-display.pdf [accessed 03 February 2011].
Vasilakos, A. (2011). Delay Tolerant Networks: Protocols and Applications, Taylor & Francis. Warthman, F. 2003. Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs): A Tutorial [online] Available: http://www.dtnrg.org/docs/tutorials/warthman-1.1.pdf [accessed 03 February 2011]

http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/