Rituj Chaudhary

Outline
Spread Spectrum Basics Spreading Codes IS-95 Features- Transmitter/Receiver Diversity Techniques RAKE Receiver Soft Handoff

Spread Spectrum

A technique in which the transmission bandwidth W and message bandwidth R are related as

W >> R
Achieves several desirable objectives for e.g.

enhanced capacity

Spread Spectrum Principles

Does not attempt to allocate disjoint frequency or

time slot resources

Instead, this approach allocates all resources to

simultaneous users, controlling the power transmitted by each user to the minimum required to maintain a given SNR

Each user employs a noise-like wideband signal occupying the entire frequency allocation

Each user contributes to the background noise affecting all users, but to the least extent possible.
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SS (cont.)
This restriction on interference limits capacity, but because

time and bandwidth resource allocations are unrestricted, the resulting capacity is significantly higher than the conventional system

Application of Spread Spectrum Systems

Antijamming Multiple access Low detectability Message Privacy Selective calling Identification Navigation Multipath protection
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Types of Spread Spectrum Systems

Frequency Hopping
Slow Frequency Hopping - multiple symbols per hop Fast Frequency Hopping - multiple hops per symbol

Direct Sequence
Time Hopping

Frequency Hopping

Typical frequency-hopping waveform pattern

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FH-SS(Tx and Rx)

Direct Sequence

Transmitter side of system

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Direct Sequence (contd...)

Receiver side of system

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Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA

Multiple users occupying the same band by

having different codes is known as a CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access system

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Universal Frequency Reuse

Objective of a Wireless Communication System

Deliver desired signal to a designated receiver Minimize the interference that it receives

One way is to use disjoint slots in frequency or time in the

same cell as well as adjacent cells - Limited frequency reuse

In spread spectrum, universal frequency reuse applies not

only to users in the same cell but also in all other cells

No frequency plan revision as more cells are added

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Spreading Codes
It is desired that each users transmitted signal appears noise like and random. Strictly speaking, the signals should appear as Gaussian noise Such signals must be constructed from a finite number of randomly preselected stored parameters; to be realizable The same signal must be generated at the receiver in perfect synchronization We limit complexity by specifying only one bit per sample i.e. a binary sequence
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PN Sequences
A deterministically generated sequence that nearly satisfies these properties is referred to as a Pseudorandom Sequence (PN) Periodic binary sequences can be conveniently generated using linear feedback shift registers (LFSR)
If the number of stages in the LFSR is r, P 2r - 1 where P is the period of the sequence
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PN Sequences (contd)
However, if the feedback connections satisfy a specific property, P = 2r - 1. Then the sequence is called a Maximal Length Shift Register (MLSR) or

a PN sequence.
Thus if r=15, P=32767.

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IS-95 CDMA Spectrum Signaling on Reverse Direct Sequence Spread

and Forward Links Each channel occupies 1.25 MHz
Reverse CH Forward CH

45 MHz 847.74 MHz

Fixed chip rate 1.2288 Mcps
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892.74 MHz

Forward Link Modulation

Power Control bits Convolutional Encoder & repetition

Wi M U X

Forward Traffic Channel 9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps

Block Interleaver

19.2 kbps

Long Code Generator

Decimator

I-PN x Seq

x
Q-PN Seq
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Diversity Techniques
Frequency Diversity Time Diversity Space Diversity

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RAKE Receiver Concept

Multi-path diversity channels Problem (to isolate various multi-path signal how to do this?) If the maximal delay spread (due to multi-path) is Tm

seconds and if the chip rate then individual multi-path signal components can be isolated. Amplitudes and phases of the multi-path components are found by correlating the received waveform with delayed versions of the signal Multi-path with delays less than 1/Tc cant be resolved

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Rake Receiver
Search receiver indicates where in time the strongest replicas of the signal can be found

Searcher Receiver

3-Parallel Demodulator

Diversity Combiner

(Mobile Station Rake Receiver)

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Rake Receiver

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Multipath Arrival of Signals

Transmitted symbol received signal at each time delay Modified with the channel estimate combined symbol

finger #1 finger #2 finger #3

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Handoff in CDMA System

Soft Handoff
Mobile commences Communication with a new BS

without interrupting communication with old BS same frequency assignment between old and new BS provides different site selection diversity

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Soft Handoff Architecture

MSC
R

BSC
R BTS
old link

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

R- handoff request sent to the old cell

energy measurements are made at the mobile

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Eb/Io Base A
margin exceeds

T_ADD Base B

T_DROP

B_Active
B added to candidate list Drop timer starts Drop timer resets Drop timer expires

Time

Signal levels during Handoff

Soft Handoff- A unique feature of CDMA Mobile

Advantages
Contact with new base station is made before the call is

switched Diversity combining is used between multiple cell sites additional resistance to fading If the new cell is loaded to capacity, handoff can still be performed for a small increase in BER Neither the mobile nor the base station is required to change frequency

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Advantages of CDMA include:

Increased cellular communications security.

Simultaneous conversations.
Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can

serve more subscribers. Smaller phones. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators. Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

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Disadvantages of CDMA
Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are

not known to the engineering community. CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.

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