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MAE BELLE LACSON

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Learning
(psychology and education)

process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (Illeris, 2004; Ormrod, 1995)

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Learning
Learning

as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place

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Learning Theory

an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning

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Two Chief Values of Learning

[Hill (2002)]

1. Providing us with vocabulary and a

conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. to practical problems.

2. Suggesting where to look for solutions

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Note:
The

theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions.

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Three main categories of learning theories

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Three main categories

1.Behaviorism
focuses

only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.

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Three main categories

2. Cognitive theories
look

beyond

behavior to explain brain-based learning.

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Three main categories

3.Constructivism
views

learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts.

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Behaviorism
also

called the learning perspective any physical action is a

(where behavior)
a

philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms doincluding acting, thinking and feelingcan and should be regarded as behaviors, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns. 4/15/12

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Behaviorism Developer
developed

by B. F. Skinner

encompasses

the work of people like: a. a. Edward Thorndike, b. Tolman, c. Guthrie, and d. Hull
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Three basic assumptions

1.

learning is manifested by a change in behavior.

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Three basic assumptions

2.

the environment shapes behavior.

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Three basic assumptions

3.

the principles of contiguity and reinforcement are central to explaining the learning process.

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Contiguity how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed

Reinforcement any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated
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Two types Behaviorism

1.

Classical conditioning
behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs

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 Pavlov

was interested in studying reflexes, when he saw that the dogs drooled without the proper stimulus. Although no food was in sight, their saliva still dribbled. It turned out that the dogs were reacting to lab coats. Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its way whenever they saw a lab coat. In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to
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 For

example:

he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a
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Two types Behaviorism

2.

Operant conditioning
there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. known as Radical Behaviorism

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Operant Conditioning

developed by B.F. Skinner

operant

the way in which behavior operates on the environment.

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a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. It is important to note that, a punishment is not considered to be applicable if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior.
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Since behaviorists view the learning process as a change in behavior, educators arrange the environment to elicit desired responses through such devices as behavioral objectives, competency -based education, and skill development and training

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Educational approaches such applied behavior analysis, curriculum measurement, and direct instruction emerged from this model

as based have

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Cognitivism
The

earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist beyond behavior to explain brainbased learning

look

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Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach:

1. that the memory system is an active

organized processor of information

1. that prior

knowledge plays an important role in learning

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Cognitivism
Cognitivists

consider how human memory works to promote learning.

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 For

example:

the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short term memory and long term memory are important to educators working under the cognitive theory.

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 Once

memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model and Baddeley's working memory model were established as a theoretical framework in cognitive psychology, new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. researchers are concentrating on topics like cognitive load and information processing theory. These theories of learning play a role in influencing instructional design. Aspects of cognitivism can be found in learning 4/15/12

Today,

 Educators

employing a cognitivist approach to learning would view learning as internal mental process (including insight, information processing, memory, perception) where in order to develop learner capacity and skills to improve learning, the educator structures content of learning activities to focus on building intelligence and cognitive and meta-cognitive development.

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Constructivism
Foundation

of constructivist learning theory is from the learning theories of:

Jean Piaget Jerome Bruner Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey
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Jean Piaget 4/15/12

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 Lev

Vygotsky 4/15/12

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Constructivism
views

learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge or experience.

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 "learning

involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences."

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 Constructivist

learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. known as social constructivism posit that knowledge is constructed when individuals engage socially in talk and activity about shared problems or tasks
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also

 Constructivism

itself has many variations, such as:

1. Active learning,

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2. Discovery learning,

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3.

knowledge building

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 Regardless

of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure

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 The

teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems. of constructivism can be found in self-directed learning, transformational learning, experiential learning, situated cognition, and reflective practice and religious practice
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Aspects

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THANK YOU!
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