Amino Acids Proteins, and

Enzymes
Types of Proteins
Amino Acids
The Peptide Bond

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 Types of Proteins
Type Examples
• Structural tendons, cartilage, hair, nails
• Contractile muscles
• Transport hemoglobin
• Storage milk
• Hormonal insulin, growth hormone
• Enzyme catalyzes reactions in cells
• Protection immune response
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 Amino Acids
• Building blocks of proteins
• Carboxylic acid group
• Amino group
• Side group R gives unique characteristics

R side chain
I
H2H—C —COOH
I
H 3
 Examples of Amino Acids
H
I
H2N—C —COOH
I
H glycine
CH3
I
H2N—C —COOH
I
H alanine 4
 Types of Amino Acids
Nonpolar R = H, CH3, alkyl groups, aromatic
O
Polar ll
R = –CH2OH, –CH2SH, –CH2C–NH2,
(polar groups with –O-, -SH, -N-)
Polar/Acidic
R = –CH2COOH, or -COOH
Polar/ Basic
R = –CH2CH2NH2 5
 Learning Check AA1
Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar

A. NH2–CH2–COOH (Glycine)

CH3
|
CH–OH
|
B. NH2–CH–COOH (Serine)
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 Solution AA1
Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar

A.(2) NH2–CH2–COOH (Glycine)

CH3
|
CH–OH
|
B. (1) NH2–CH–COOH (Serine)
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 Essential Amino Acids

• 10 amino acids not synthesized by the

body
• arg, his, ile, leu, lys, met, phe, thr, trp,
val
• Must obtain from the diet
• All in diary products
• 1 or more missing in grains
and vegetables 8
 Amino Acids as Acids and Bases

• Ionization of the –NH2 and the –COOH group

• Zwitterion has both a + and – charge
• Zwitterion is neutral overall
+
NH2–CH2–COOH H3N–CH2–COO–

glycine Zwitterion of glycine

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 pH and ionization

H+ OH–
+ +
H3N–CH2–COOH H3N–CH2–COO– H2N–CH2–COO–
Positive ion zwitterion Negative ion
Low pH neutral pH High pH

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 Learning Check AA2
CH3 CH3
+
H3N–CH–COOH H2N–CH2–COO–
(1) (2)
Select from the above structures
A. Alanine in base.
B. Alanine in acid.
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 Solution AA2
CH3 CH3
+
H3N–CH–COOH H2N–CH2–COO–
(1) (2)
Select from the above structures
• (2) Alanine in base.
• (1) Alanine in acid.
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 The Peptide Bond
Amide bond formed by the –COOH of an amino
acid and the –NH2 of the next amino acid
O CH3
+ || + |
NH3–CH2–COH + H3N–CH–COO–
O CH3
+ || |
NH3–CH2–C – N–CH–COO–
| peptide bond
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H
 Peptides
• Amino acids linked by amide (peptide) bonds

Gly Lys Phe Arg Ser

H2N- -COOH
end Peptide bonds end

Glycyllysylphenylalanylarginylserine
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 Learning Check AA3
What are the possible tripeptides formed
from one each of leucine, glycine, and
alanine?

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 Solution AA3
Tripeptides possible from one each of
leucine, glycine, and alanine
Leu-Gly-Ala
Leu-Ala-Gly
Ala-Leu-Gly
Ala-Gly-Leu
Gly-Ala-Leu
Gly-Leu-Ala
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 Learning Check AA4
Write the three-letter abbreviations for the
following tetrapeptide:

CH3
CH3 S
CH CH3 SH CH2
CH3 O CH O CH2 O CH2 O
-
H3N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C O
H H H
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 Solution AA4
CH3
CH 3 S
CH CH 3 SH CH2
CH 3 O CH O CH 2 O CH2 O
-
H 3N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C O
H H H

Ala-Leu-Cys-Met

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